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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Buspirone
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is an anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist
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Feliway
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Supposed to stop spraying, can increase spraying. Marketed as 90% effective; studies show 74% partially effective.
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Olfactory Tractotomy
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Stops spraying 60% of time. Removal of CN I.
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Na Fluoresceine (SQ, PO), 6 opthalmic strips (PO) or Crayons (PO)
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Shows up in the feces. A fun trick and also a way to identify guilty cat.
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Elevation of lips without retraction of the commissure
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Dominant Aggressive Threat
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Retraction of the Commissure with exposure of the teeth
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Defensive Threat
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Retraction of the Commissure
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Submission
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Metacommunication
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Metacommunication is a form of
communication in which information is provided that modifies the meaning of subsequent communication. |
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Signals of Dominance
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• Ears erect and forward
• Tail elevated • Makes/holds eye contact • Body leans forward • Piloerection • Standing over/jumping on |
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Signals of Submission
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• Ears lowered and turned back
• Tail lowered • Body lowered • Averts eyes • Rolls on back • May urinate • Licks |
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Dominance Aggression Syndrome
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Persistent aggression (biting,
snapping, growling), accompanied by multiple ritual dominance signals directed toward the owner. |
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Behaviors that may occur as part of DAS or as isolated behavior problems
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• Mounts legs
• Guards food • Guards sleeping area |
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Behaviors that may occur as part of DAS or as normal or learned behaviors
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• Jumps in laps
• ‘Demands’ to be petted • ‘Demands’ to be let out |
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Will neutering a ***** help with dominance aggressive syndrome?
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No.
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Fear Aggression
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Diagnosis-Aggression coupled with signals of
fear and submission –Avoidance –Ears back/down –Tail down –Retraction of commissure of lip |
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Territorial Aggression
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Dog is aggressive to non-family members that
enter its territory |
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Solitary
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A species in which individuals form no enduring social relationships, living most of their lives in a solitary condition, and forming no enduring pair bonds.
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Asocial
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Species does not engage in social interactions
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Social
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A species is classified as social if members form long-term pair bonds, live in family groups, or live in larger groups with a relatively stable long-term membership.
In addition, members of the social group exhibit individual recognition, cooperative behavior and reciprocal communication. |
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Dominance in cats
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Ears up and rotated so aperture is more lateral
Hind limbs extended and stiff Base of tail elevated/Remainder of tail drooped Head wag Approach Eye stare |
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Submission in Cat
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Ears down/back
Tail down Head down Crouched Avoidance Rolling over |
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Fear Aggression in Cat
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Arched back
Ears back Tail arched or straight up Shows teeth Piloerection Hisses Growls (Halloween) |
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Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA 1994)
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Valid client/veterinarian/patient relationship
Behavioral history MUST be taken Veterinarian has established a diagnosis and the need for treatment Must be a specific rationale, and its use is accepted under current medical conditions. |
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Antipsychotics (tranquilizers)
Antidepressants Anxiolytics Mood stabilizers |
In Humans.
e.g. clomipramine is classified as an antidepressant, but appears to function and is used as an anxiolytic in dogs |
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Uses for Antipsychotics (tranquilizers)
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Restraint/Decrease behavioral arousal
Antiemetic / motion sickness Control of intractable animals Stereotypic behavior Decrease motor activity in cases of intense fear NOT Anxiolytic Most suitable in animals as short-term or intermittent medication |
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Phenothiazine Neuroleptics
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Antipsychotic
general behavioral quieting, does not have a specific anxiolytic effect. Contraindicated in seizures, giant breeds, old/young, liver/kidny or heart problems, with child, cause aggression in dogs, priapism in stallions |
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Acepromazine maleate
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widely used phenothiazine neuroleptic (antipsycotic) in veterinary medicine
DOGS 0.55-2.2 mg/kg PO CATS 1.1-2.2 mg/kg PO RABBIT: 0.1-1.0 mg/kg IM HORSE: 0.02-1.0 mg/kg IM |
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Thioridazine HCl
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Phenothiazine neuroleptic
(Mellaril® and generic) DOGS 2.2 mg/kg |
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Butyrophenes
Haloperidol |
Antipsychotic
Psittacine birds 0.2 mg/kg PO bid |
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Antidepressents
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Used extensively in the treatment of behavior problems in small animals
Heterogeneous range of behavioral effects Wide range of effects on central neurotransmitters Wide range of side-effects |
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Tricyclic Antidepressants
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Action: Block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in increased serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft and subsequent down regulation of the post-synaptic receptors
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Uses for TCA's
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DOGS:
Anxiolytic effect Aggression Compulsive Disorder Urine marking CATS: Anxiolytic effect Aggression Compulsive Disorder Urine spraying Hypervocalization |
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TCA's
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Clomipramine
Amitriptyline Imipramine Doxepin Nortriptyline Desipramine |
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Amitriptyline HCl (Elavil® & generic)
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TCA (most muscarinic specific)
DOGS: 0.25-1.5 mg/kg q12-24h PO CATS: 2.5-10 mg/cat q24h PO Cheap but not very serotonin specific More side-effects than the more serotonin-specific clomipramine |
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Clomipramine HCl (Anafranil®, Clomicalm)
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TCA: Safe, Emesis is most common side effect
DOGS: 1.0-3.0 mg/kg q12h PO CATS: 0.25-1.0 mg/kg q24h PO |
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Clomicalm
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TCA: The most serotonin-selective tricyclic antidepressant commercially available
Major metabolite is desmethylclomipramine, which inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine. Serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations in CNS increase Approval is for use WITH behavior modification |
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Imipramine HCl (Tofranil® & generic)
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TCA: Used to treat nocturnal enuresis in children
DOGS: 2.2-4.4 mg/kg q12-24h PO Anti-enuretic effect Canine submissive urination Canine excitement-induced urination Urinary incontinence (dogs and cats) |
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Antidepressants
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TCA
SSRI |
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Uses for SSRI
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DOGS:
Anxiolytic effect Aggression Compulsive Disorder Urine marking CATS: Anxiolytic effect Aggression Compulsive Disorder Urine spraying Hypervocalization |
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Fluoxetine HCl (Reconcile™, Prozac®)
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SSRI (antidepressant)
DOGS: 1-2.0 mg/kg q24h CATS 0.5-1.0 mg/kg q24h In humans, the elimination half-life of fluoxetine is 2-3 days Half-life of principal metabolite (norfluoxetine), which is active, is 7-9 days |
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Paroxetine HCl (Paxil®)
as for fluoxetine Sertraline (Zoloft®) Dogs: 0.5-4.0 mg/kg Cats: as for fluoxetine |
SSRI (antidepressants)
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Monoamine oxidase
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Enzyme that destroys NE, DA, and 5HT
2 subtypes: A and B MAO-A destroys NE, DA MAO-B converts amine substances into toxins |
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Uses for MAOI
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Uses: “Cognitive dysfunction” and sleep disorders in older dogs
Pharmacokinetics: Rapidly absorbed in dogs. Highly variable in humans |
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Drug Interaction with MAOI's
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Risk of serious drug interactions, especially with TCAs and SSRIs
Discontinue either of these for 5 weeks before beginning MAOI. Discontinue MAOI for 2 weeks before beginning TCA or SSRI |
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Selegiline HCl or L-deprenyl (Eldepryl® (human), Anipryl®(canine))
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MAO B Inhibitor (antidepressant)
K9 cognitive dysfunction in geriatrics and also: L-deprenyl used for Cushing's (hyperadrenocorticicism) bc it lowers ACTH secretion from Pituitary Glands. |
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Serotonin Syndrome
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Overdose of serotonergic agents or certain combinations
Usually mild- resolves in 24-72hrs Can cause death Mortality rate in humans of 11% Decrease serotonin metabolism MAOI’s Inhibit serotonin uptake SSRI’s, TCA’s Serotonin receptor agonists Buspirone |
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Management of Serotonin Syndrome
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Discontinue all serotonergic medications
Benzodiazpines (diazepam or lorazepam) for myoclonus and hyperthermia resulting from myoclonus. Clonazepam not effective. Severe cases: cyproheptadine, methysergide, propranolol Supportive treatment |
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5-Hydroxytryptophan toxicosis [Precursor to 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine)]
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National Animal Poison Control Center
21 dogs with exposure to 5-HTP Dose ranged from 2.5 mg/kg to 573 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg No symptoms No treatment 222 mg/kg Emesis induced within 30 minutes No symptoms 3/19 (16%) with clinical toxicosis died |
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5-Hydroxytryptophan toxicosis (Gwaltney-Brant et al. 2000)
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Vomiting
Diarrhea Abdominal Pain Flatulence Bloat Mydriasis Transient Blindness Hypersalivation Hyperthermia Hypothermia Vocalization Weakness Tachycardia Cyanosis Dyspnea |
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Treatment for 5-hydroxytryptophan toxicosis
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Decontamination (emesis)
Anticonvulsants Thermoregulation Fluid therapy |
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Anxiolytics
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Benzodiazepams (facilitate GABAa)
Azapirones (serotonin agonist) |
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Uses for Anxiolytics
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Noise phobias (e.g. thunderphobia)
Submissive urination Fear of people or animals, without aggression Fear of objects Separation anxiety Fear of going outside Sprayin |
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Benzodiazepines in Fear Aggression?
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Use with caution in fear aggression. Learned inhibition of aggression may be lost.
Withdraw gradually. Sudden termination in a patient that has been on for a long period of time can result in rebound, i.e. a resumption of symptoms which may be more intense than prior to treatment. In case of overdose: Flumazenil (Mazicon) benzodiazepine receptor antagonist |
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Flumazenil (Mazicon)
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Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist
(use: overdose of benzodiazepine) |
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Diazepam (Valium® & generic)
DOGS: 0.55-2.2 mg/kg q 6-24h CATS: 1.25-2.5 mg/cat q12h |
Anxiolytic (phobias)
When lady comes with sunglasses on asking for Valium for her cat what should you give her? Azapirones. |
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Clorazepate dipotassium (Tranxene® & generic)
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Anxiolytic (phobias)
Benzodiazepine DOGS: 5.6-22.5 mg/dog q12-24h CATS: 1.875-3.75 mg/cat q12-24h |
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Alprazolam (Xanax® & generic)
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Anxiolytic, Benzodiazepine
DOGS: 0.02-0.04 mg/kg q8-12h CATS: 0.125-0.25 mg/cat q12h Used for panic disorder in humans Rapid onset of good panic efficacy in most dogs |
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Oxazepam (Serax® and generic)
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Anxiolytic (benzodiazepine)
Dogs: 0.04-0.5 mg/kg q6h Cats: 0.2-1.0 mg/kg q12-24h No active intermediate metabolites Benzodiazepine of choice for geriatric patients and patients with compromised liver or kidney function |
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Azapirones
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Anxiolytic
Action: 5-HT1A agonist Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist Uses: Phobias, urine spraying, subordinate cats Side effects: Uncommon Not sedating No potential for human abuse |
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Buspirone (Buspar® & generic)
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Azapirone (Anxiolytic)
DOGS: 1.0 mg/kg q8-12h CATS: 2.5-7.5 mg/cat q12h |
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Methylphenidate HCl (Ritalin®)
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CNS Stimulant for K9 ADHD/ ADD
DOGS: 5 mg (small dog)-20 mg (large dog) 2 or three times a day. Do not give near bedtime. |
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Dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexadrine®)
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CNS Stimulant for Canine ADHD or ADD
DOGS: 0.2-0.33 mg/kg |
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Narcotic Antagonists: Mechanisms
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Opioids may be released simply as a result of the stress.
The opioids are directly involved in initiation of the stereotypic behavior. Narcotic antagonists block the opioids, hence preventing their causing the stereotypic behavior. |
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Naltrexone HCl (Trexan®)
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Narcotic Antagonist used for Compulsive disorder
DOGS: 1-2.2 mg/kg q8-12h CATS: 25-50 mg/cat q24h PARROTS: 1.5 mg/kg q 12 h |
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Naloxone
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Opiod Antagonist
Test dose in dogs 0.2 mg/kg SQ |
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Talwin (Pentazocine lacatate)
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a potent analgesic, which is as effective as morphine. Talwin is a controlled substance.
Spinning and tail-chasing Bull Terriers |
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Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (Depo-Provera®)
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Hormone
DOGS: 5-10 mg/kg SQ, IM CATS: 10-20 mg/kg SQ Dominance-related aggression in dogs and cats urine marking persistent mounting by neutered males roaming Tx of last resort |
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Megestrol Acetate (Ovaban® or Megace®)
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Hormone
CATS: 2.5-5 mg q24h x 3 to 5days, then taper DOGS: 2.2 mg/kg q24h x 14 days, then taper Dominance-related aggression in dogs and cats urine marking persistent mounting by neutered males roaming Tx of last resort |
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Ethology
(4 questions) |
1. What is the immediate cause of
the behavior? 2. How has it developed? (ontogeny) 3. What is its purpose or function? (survival value to the animal exhibiting the behavior) 4. How did it evolve? (ultimate causation, phylogeny) |
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Event (vs state)
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Events are behavior patterns of relatively short duration, such as discrete body movements or vocalizations, which can be approximated as points in time. One simply counts if they occur.
Information get Frequency Rate Do not get % time in the behavior Duration of behavior |
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State (vs Event)
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States are behavior patterns of relatively
long duration, such as prolonged activities, body postures or proximity measures. Unlike events, the durationis measured. Get % time and duration in addition to frequency and rate. |
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Ad libitum sampling
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Observe an animal and make general notes. Cannot say increase, decrease, change.
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Focal sampling
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Observe one (sometimes two, if they stay together) animal for a fixed amount of time.
Make continuous record within that time of all behaviors are recording. Get sequence in which behaviors occur. |
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Focal: uses
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Advantages
Lots of information Get sequence, rate, % time, duration of behaviors recording as states Disadvantages Unless recording only one or two obvious behaviors, very difficult to do. Requires extensive training. |
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Point or Instantaneous sampling
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At predetermined moments in time, record what the animal is doing.
Easy way to estimate % time, but less accurate than focal. |
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All Occurances Sampling
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Record all occurrences of one or a small
number of behaviors. Ignore all other behaviors. Typically and most appropriately used with large groups of animals for which you want to assess occurrence of a small number of very obvious behaviors. |
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Ethogram
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Complete-List of all behaviors exhibited by a species
Types: Maintenance behaviors Social Behaviors Sexual Behavior Parental Behavior Developmental Behavior |
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Supernormal Stimuli
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Objects which present exaggerated
releasers, not typically found in the natural state. Consequence of the fact that releasers are very discreet features and true IRM’s are likewise discrete in what they respond to. SS -> IRM -> FAP |
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Imprinting
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The process by which a given object (usually the parent) becomes identified as a releaser for a given behavior such as following or, later in life, mating. The period during which imprinting occurs was originally referred to as the “critical period”. It is now referred to as the “sensitive period”.
Mother also imprints on foal. |
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Displacement activity
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An inappropriate
behavior which occurs when an animal is experiencing conflict between two opposing drives. |
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Redirected Behavior
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Behavior directed
toward a less appropriate target |
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Vacuum Activity
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Instinctive behavior
performed in the absence of the stimulus to which it would normally be directed |
