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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood is a TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
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Carries O2, nutrients & essential compounds
Hemoglobin carries the O2 and plasma carries the other components. Carries waste products such as carbon dioxide away from cells. Blood transports hormones, white blood cells and platelets to needed areas of the body. |
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hemoconcentration
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less fluid in blood
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hemodilution
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excess fluid in blood
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phagocytosis
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used by white blood cells to ingest wastes and invaders
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how many clotting factors are in the blood
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13, and if even one is missing clotting fails.
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plasma
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liquid portion of blood
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cell components
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
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whole blood
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a sample of pure non separated blood
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plasma has
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93% water, the proteins albumin globulin's fibrinogens. gasses lipids amino acids electrolytes(ions)
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rbc
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carry oxygen from lungs
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platlets
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prevent leakage
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wbc
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5 types: basophil, neutrophil, leukocyte, monocytes and esonophil
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hematopoieses
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manufacture of cells takes place in the bone marrow
pluripotents(stem cells) are stimulats for this process |
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erythropoieses
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manufacture of rbcs specifically. stimulated by hypoxia signals from the kidneys
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heme
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half of hemoglobin it is the pigment produced by the mitochondria
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globin
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half of hemoglobin is the protein portion produced by the ribosomes.
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hemoglobin
Factors such as the following affect ability to carry O2 |
pH
Temperature Oxygen level CO2 level |
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Intravascular hemolysis
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destruction of RBCs within the vascular system)
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polycthemia
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Above normal increase in RBC concentration within blood
Relative Polycythemia - Dehydration causes fluid loss; thereby concentrating the cellular components of blood Compensatory Polycythemia - Over stimulated bone marrow due to O2 depravation (Hypoxia) Ex: high altitude training for athletes |
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megakarocyte
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cell breaking off parts within bone marrow
that form platlets, or are platlets |
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Granulocytes
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils (produced in bone marrow) |
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Agranulocytes
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Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Neutrophils
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Polymorphonuclear cells because their nuclei have many shapes (aka PMNs)
Most common WBC in dogs, horses and cats 3-6 days to form and usually used to kill microorganisms (stain clear) Use phagocytosis to engulf and digest bacteria and viruses that they come in contact with. First line of defense due to their short production time Spend 10 hours in circulation and then use diapedesis to move into tissue (Do not return to blood) Need to be replaced every 2.5 days |
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what is the product of oxygen metabolism
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hydrogen peroxide
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Circulating pool
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Located within the lumen of blood vessels
Blood samples contain the neutrophils from this pool |
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Marginal pool
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Located within the lining of small vessels in the spleen, lungs and abdominal organs
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Eosinophils
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5% or less of total WBC count
red stain Increased numbers (Eosinophilia) usually seen during allergic reactions or certain parasitic infections |
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Basophils
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Least often seen and least understood WBC
Not commonly seen in tissue Contain histamine and heparin Acts as anticoagulant and initiates inflammation & acute allergic reactions Increased numbers can indicate allergic reactions |
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Monocytes
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5-6% of WBC’s
Develop in 24-36 hours & are the largest (in size) WBC in circulation Major phagocytic cells Macrophages- monocytes are renamed when they enter tissue Some are fixed in tissue and others wander Clean up cellular debris that remains after infection Process antigens and present them to lymphocytes for destruction Stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies Ingest foreign substances (fungi, protozoa, viruses) |
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often associated with chronic infections
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Tissue macrophages as they have a longer life span than neutrophils
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Lymphocytes
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Only WBC with no phagocytic capabilities.
Predominant in ruminants and pigs Live in lymphoid tissue and constantly pass between tissue and circulation Thought to begin in bone marrow but mature in tissue |
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3 types of lymphocytes
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T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells |
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T Lymphocytes
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Processed in the thymus
travel to specific T-dependent zones in the lymph nodes and spleen Responsible for cell-mediated immunity and for activating B cells Most lymphocytes in peripheral blood are T cells Killer T Cells and helper T lymphocytes Killers destroy cells during cell mediated immunity Helpers activate the killers |
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B lymphocytes
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Processed in specific lymph organs to produce antibodies
Travel to lymphoid structures; rarely in blood Each is developed to respond to specific antigens and produce antibodies Activated B lymphocytes become plasma cells and produce antibodies also known as immunoglobulins |
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Natural Killer Cells
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Do not have to be activated like B or T cells(that’s why they are called natural killer)
Ability to kill tumor cells and cells infected with various viruses Must come into direct contact with cells before they work |
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T and B cells can
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create memory cells which are stored for future response to antigens
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cytosis
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increased number of cell type
Leuckocytosis Lymphocytosis Monocytosis |
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philia
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increased number of cell type
Neutrophilia Eosinophilia Basiophilia |
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penia
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decreased number of cell type
Leukopenia Neutropenia Eosinopenia Lymphopenia |
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Agglutination
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Clumping of cells or molecules know as
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Auto-immune Diseases
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diseases where the body reacts to “self” as if it is “non-self”.
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Allergy
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a disease process where an individual’s immune system is sensitized to respond against a certain protein that would actually be unlikely to cause disease or damage
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Anaphylaxis
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an inappropriately exaggerated allergic response that is life-threatening
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Nonspecfic Immunity
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Present at birth
Rapid response to foreign invaders Generalized response to anything “not self” Not specific No memory response |
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Specific Immunity
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Unique reactions aimed at specific antigens through the work of B and T cells
Two types – Cell Mediated and Humoral Immunity |
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Nonspecific Immunity
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Involves tissues cells and process that protect the body:
Protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes Inflammation Phagocytosis (Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages) Natural Killer cells Interferon – protein produced by the cell when it recognizes infection Complement – enzymes that can be activated to rupture cell membranes |
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Specific Immunity
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Cell mediated and humoral immunity
Response will be initiated only after the antigen enters the body Response will be aimed specifically against the antigen If antigen enters the body again the memory cells respond more quickly |
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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T lymphocytes attach to specific antigens that have invaded cells and travel to the site of invasion
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
During the cell mediated immune response, T cells are stimulated and antigen is presented to B lymphocytes THEREFORE, A CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE CAUSES PRODUCTION OF BOTH CYTOTOXIC T CELLS AND ANTIBODY PRODUCTION |
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Humoral Immunity
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B lymphocytes that transform into plasma cells and produce specific proteins (antibodies)
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Antibodies
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IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
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Active Immunity
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Using vaccinations to stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells that will respond to active invasion quickly
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Passive Immunity
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The use of antibodies not produced by the body to boost immunity
Colostrum is a form of passive immunity |
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Ag
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antigen
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ab
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antibody
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Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
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Made during first exposure to an Ag
First Ig made by neonates (KNOW) Slow production – animal may get sick waiting for IgG production to kick in |
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igM
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Made during memory response
Made during chronic infections More rapid than IgG – may destroy the Ag before it has time to cause disease |
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Active Immunity
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Stimulation of T and B cells to create a population of memory cells to increase the speed and strength of response on subsequent exposure
Vaccination is a form of active immunity |
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Failure of Passive Transfer
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“Failure of Passive Transfer” causes neonatal mortality, especially important in large animal medicine because of increased environmental antigen issues
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The Lymphatic System
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All of the tiny lymph capillaries join together to form the thoracic ducts
The thoracic ducts dumps fluid back into blood vessels to be used again Lymphocytes are picked up along the way to eliminate any microorganisms that may be present |
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Lymph
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is clear fluid made up of sugar, water, electrolytes and lymphocytes
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Chyle
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lymphatic fluid absorbed from the intestines- appears white or pale yellow and cloudy
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Spleen
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Large lymphoid organ with a capsule in the body
White pulp tissue contains lymphocytes Red pulp has blood vessels and blood storage spaces The spleen serves as blood storage, removes foreign material, removes dead and dying RBC’s, and lymphocyte cloning takes place here |
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Thymus
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Located on either side of the caudal neck and cranial thoracic inlet
Helps to kick start young immune systems by producing T lymphocytes |
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Tonsils
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Found near mucosal surfaces
At the beginning of lymphatics (not along lymph vessels like nodes) Do not have capsules like nodes |
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Gut-Associated Lymph Tissue
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Lymph tissue found in the lining of the intestine
Over 25% of the mucosa of the intestinal tract is lymph tissue making it the largest lymphoid organ in the body |
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Gut-Associated Lymph Tissue
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Peyer’s Patches
Macroscopically visible accumulations of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine Lacteals Lymphatic vessels within the microvilli of the intestinal epilthelium Origin of chyle |
