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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a nutrient?
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a substance that should be consumed as part of a diet
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What are the 3 functions of nutrients?
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They are a source of energy
They support life Provide materials for growth |
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What is an ingredient?
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It is a component or part of a mixture
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What is an essential nutrient?
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A necessary nutrient that the body cannot synthesize on its own
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What is a conditionally essential nutrient?
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A nutrient that is only required during certain physiologic , pathologic conditions (ex. pregnancy & growth)
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What is a non-essential nutrients?
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A nutrient that the body can synthesize
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What are the 6 vital nutrients?
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WATER
Carbs Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals |
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Of the 6 vital nutrients, which 3 are the energy producers?
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Carbs, proteins and fats
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What are the functions of water in the body?
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*solvent
*Important in transport *important in all chemical reactions *Helps regulate body temperature *Adds shape to body |
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What is the daily requirement for water in regards to mls/lb of weight?
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20-30 mls/lb
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What are the factors that affect amount of water intake?
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Activity level
Type of food fed (wet vs. dry) life stage geographic location |
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What are "as fed" nutrients?
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Nutrients are calculated as a percentage of product including water
----nutrients are generally diluted |
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What are "dry matter" nutrients?
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Nutrients calculated as a percentage without taking water into consideration
----nutrients are more concentrated |
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Carbs are an energy producer that are classified according to
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Size and solubility
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In dogs, carbs are ________ and in cats they are _______
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conditionally essential
NON-essential |
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What are the functions of carbs?
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*Energy source
*Source of heat *Stored as gycogen or converted to fat if unused ***Insoluble carbs are a source of dietary fiber |
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Soluable carbs such as simple sugers, starches and glucose are ____ by the body and the body then utilizes it as _________
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absorbed
heat and energy |
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What are some of the benefits of insoluble carbs/dietary fiber?
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*Normalizes bowel transit
*Increase fecal bulk *Increase satiety/fullness feeling *Provides probiotics for intestinal health *reduces cost of food |
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Cats are the only true carnivore but should have some carbs as a small part of their diet but their body
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lacks the ability to utilize large amounts of carbs
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Proteins are essential for _____ cell functions
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ALL
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________ are the building blocks of proteins.
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Amino acids
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What are the functions of protein?
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Building tissue
Growth Make up certain hormones(insulin) Act as enzymes Important for making blood cells make antibodies Are a source of energy |
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Essential amino acids are those that
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MUST be ingested because the body cannot make them on their own
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What are the 6 essential amino acids discussed in class?
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Arginine
Valine Lysine Phenylalanine Leucine Taurine |
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What is one important function of the amino acid Arginine?
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Important for cell division and immune function
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What is one important function of the amino acid Valine?
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Important part of protein synthesis
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What is the importance of the amino acid Lysine?
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Important in immune function and is given to cats intra-nasal.
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What is the importance of the amino acid phenylalanine?
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Important for protein synthesis
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What is the importance of the amino acid Leucine?
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Important for building muscle proteins
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What is the importance of the amino acid taurine?
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One of the best-known functions is the conjugation of bile acids in cats and dogs. Unlike dogs, cats cannot substitute glycine for taurine when taurine is deficient.
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What can a taurine deficiency potentially cause in cats?
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Blindness
Cardiomyopathy |
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Corn gluten meal often has a higher ________ in foods than meat.
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HIGHER
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What are the functions of dietary fat?
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*energy source
*Important in absorption, storage and transport of fat soluble vitamins. *Supply essential fatty acids (EFA's) * contribute to palleability |
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What are the 2 families of EFA's?
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Omega 3 -Alpha linolenic
Omega 6 - Linoleic and Arachidonic for cats is another type |
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EFA's are involved in
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ALL Biologic processes
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What are 3 natural sources of EFA's?
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fish oil
flax seed oil leafy green veggies |
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What are the functions of EFA's
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Maintain a healthy cell membrane
Aid in immune function Help decrease inflammation help prevent allergies increase joint lubrication help maintain metabolism |
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Cats require ______ fat compared to dogs.
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MORE
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What are the Fat soluble vitamins?
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A D E K
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What are the water soluble vitamins?
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B C
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What are fat soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins dissolve in fat before they are absorbed in the blood stream to carry out their functions. Excesses of these vitamins are stored in the liver. Because they are stored, they are not needed every day in the diet
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What are water soluble vitamins?
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water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored; they are eliminated in urine. We need a continuous supply of them in our diets
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Vit A is a FS vitamin which serves the function of ?
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Component of VISUAL proteins
--- Non-ess in dogs Ess in cats Def--night blindness and poor hair coat |
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Vit D is a FS vitamin that serves the function of?
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Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis- aids in bone formation and resorption
----cond ess. in puppies & kittens ----Natural sources-fish oil and dairy |
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Vit E is a FS vitamin that serves the function of?
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Acts as an antioxidant which protects cell membrance
Ess in cats and dogs ****can be toxic in high levels |
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Vit K is a FS vitamin that serves the function of?
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Important blood clotting factor
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Vit B is a WS vitamin that has many functions and one is?
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It is an important part of metabolism
Cond ess. in dogs and cats |
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Vit C is a WS vitamin that serves the function of acting as an?
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Antioxident--free radical scavanger
Non-essential in dogs and cats Ess. in primates & GP's |
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Carnitine is not a vitamin or a mineral but is essential and it serves the function of:
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facilitate passage of fatty acids into mitochondria of cardiac and skeletal muscle.
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There are 2 types of minerals. What are they?
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Macro and micro
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Macrominerals are ________ as a percentage of the diet and Microminerals are required in ________.
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required
trace amounts |
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Calicium is a Macro mineral whose function is:
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to be a structural component of bones and teeth
Source is bone meal which is ground up muscle, tissue and BONE |
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Phosphorus is a macromineral whose function is?
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to be a structural component of cell membranes as well as bones and teeth
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magnesium is a macromineral whose function is to serve as?
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being a part of bones
**a catalyst for metabolic reactions |
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Potassium is a macromineral with the important function of assisting with ?
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Maintaining acid base balance & osmotic pressure
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Sodium is a macromineral that serves the function of ?
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Maintaining the acid base equalibrium and is a part of the conduction of nerve impulses
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What are the 5 macrominerals?
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calcium
phosphorus magnesium potassium sodium |
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What is oxidation?
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The transferring of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
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What is a free-radical?
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An unstable oxygen based compound created when oxygen attacks tissues.
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Free radicals tend to be produced in what types of tissues?
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High metabolism, high O2 use tissues such as heart, brain, kidneys and muscles
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What are some environmental sources of free radicals?
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Pollution, chemicals, radiation
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What are some internal sources of free radicals?
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mitochondria, inflammation, ischemia
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Antioxidents have the ability to____
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Scavange/get rid of free radicals
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What are some nutrients that are antioxidents?
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E & C
Carotenoids & flavanaids EFAs Lipoic acid carnatine |
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animals eat primarily to satisfy
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energy needs
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A calorie, small c, is the amount of heat that it takes
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to raise 1g of water 1 degree celcius
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A kilocalorie is
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a 1000 small c calories
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A calorie, capital C, is = to
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a kilocalorie or 1000 small c calories
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What is metabolizable energy?
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energy available to animal after energy from feces, urine, and combustible gasses have been subtracted from gross energy.
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What is gross energy?
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**total potential energy of a food **
determined by measuring the total heat produced when the food is burned in a bomb caloriemeter |
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What is digestible energy?
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Energy remaining after the energy lost in feces is subtracted from gross energy
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What is net energy?
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The energy the animal ends up with
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What is resting energy requirement (RER)?
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Energy requirement for a normally fed animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment
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What is daily energy requirement (DER)?
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Average daily ENERGY expenditure of an animal dependent on lifestage and activity level.
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What are some factors that affect DER?
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Growth
Repro & lactation Activity level breed temperament environmental conditions Intact vs neutered (25% less for neutered) |
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What do nutrient excesses of fat result in?
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Obesity ~~~~> joint disease
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What do nutrient excesses of protein result in?
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kidney failure
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What do nutrient excesses of Sodium chloride result in?
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hypertension and heart disease
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What do nutrient excesses of calcium result in?
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In adults--bldderstones
in youngsters--skeletal disease, angular limb deformities |
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What do nutrient excesses of phosphorus result in?
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kidney failure
skeletal disease bladder stones |
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What do nutrient excesses of magnesium result in?
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bladderstones
struvite crystals, esp. in cats |
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What are key nutritional factors?
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they are product characteristics in wellness nutrition
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What is a Wellness pet food?
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a normal food with optimum nutrient levels for pets
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What is a Theraputic food?
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One that REQUIRES a PRESCRIPTION and acts as a nutritional aid for pets with a SPECIFIC DIAGNOSED condition to prevent, manage or halt its progression.
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What is a special needs diet?
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A diet used when an animal has a perceived need but no specific disease diagnosis.
---large breed diet with glucosamine |
