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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Periodic, recurring seizures are treated with what ROA?
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long term PO
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Which anticonvulsants are more susceptible to ataxia side effects?
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phenobarb & primidone
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Anticonvulsants: long acting? short acting? ultrashort acting?
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long: phenobarb
short: pentobarb ultra: thiopental, methohexital |
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What ROA can phenobarb be admin?
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PO and IV
tolerance w/ repeated use |
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Which anticonvulsant is useful for controlling seizures due to toxins?
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pentobarb
IV preferred |
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Which anticonvulsant is used for status epilepticus?
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diazepam
need adjunct for long term therapy |
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Difference btw tranquilizer vs sedative.
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tranq: calms to reduce anxiety and aggression; helpful in noncompliant
sedative: decrease irritability and excitement |
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T/F. Anti-anxiety will make animal drowsy.
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False
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T/F. Phenothiazine have anti-emetic effects but no analgesic effects.
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True
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Phenothiazine drugs (3) and side effects.
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hypotension, lower seizure threshold, paraphimosis in horses (swollen penis)
acepromazine, chlorpromazine, promazine |
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Benzodiazepines are often combined with ____ for short term anesthesia.
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ketamine
alpha2 agonist: xylazine |
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Reversal agent for benzo-
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flumazenil
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What animals should alpha2 agonists be dose with caution?
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cattle
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What is the main side effect of xylazine?
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CV
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Reversal agents of xylazine.
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yohimbine, tolazoline
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Which animal are these alpha2 agonist used in: detomidine? medetomidine?
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d: horses
m: dogs (used as restraint also) |
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Reversal agent of medetomidine.
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atipamezole
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Difference btw general vs local anesthetics.
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gen: partial or complete loss of consciousness
local: loss of sensation w/o loss of consciousness |
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___ anesthetics duration of action can be lengthened by epinephrine.
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local
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Induction agents are a type of ___ anesthetic.
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general
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Inhalable halogenated compounds suffix?
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-ane
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T/F. Barbiturates are highly protein bound.
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True. Hypoproteinemia doses should be decreased
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Which barbiturate is used in thin animals as a general anesthetic? Which should not be used in thin animal due to fat redistribution?
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methohexital
thiopental |
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Dissociative anesthetics belong to ____ family. Name of drugs?
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cyclohexamine family
ketamine, tiletamine, ketamine-diaz mixture |
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ROA of ketamine? Side effects?
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IM or IV
Jerking - must combine for optimal anesthesia benefit |
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Tiletamine is used in combo with ___. Approved in what animals?
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zolazepam
dogs and cats |
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MAC? MAC and potency relationship.
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minimum alveolar concentration: lowest [] that produces no response to painful stimuli in 50% of pts
lower MAC, higher potency (vice versa) |
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Higher blood-to-gas solubility means?
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longer induction and recovery time
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Addition of ___ atoms increase stability of inhalant anesthetic agents.
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fluoride
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T/F. Isoflurane is more potent than halothane.
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False
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Which inhalant anesthetic can cause malignant hyperthermia?
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halothane and isoflurane
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What are the 3 isomers of isoflurane?
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enflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane
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Location of ganglion in PS vs S.
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PS: closer to organ (pregang - long); ACh
S: just outside spinal cord (postgang - long); NE |
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Location: alpha1, 2 and beta1, 2
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a1: blood vessels
a2: postganglionic b1: heart b2: lung 1's: excitatory 2's: inhibitory |
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M2 receptors mainly located where?
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heart - inhibitory
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T/F. Nicotinic receptors are excitatory.
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True.
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Adrenergic agonists/sympathomimetic drug names (10).
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1. epi
2. NE 3. isoproterenol 4. dopamine 5. dobutamine 6. phenylpropanolamine 7. isoetharine, albuterol, terbutaline 10. ephedrine |
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Sympatholytic drugs
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alpha blockers (-zosin)
beta blockers (-lol) |
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Phenoxybenzamine should not be used when? useful when?
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horses w/ colic
horses w/ laminitis (hoof inflammation) |
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Parasympathomimetics/cholinergic agonists: direct acting vs indirect acting MOA.
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D: mimick action of ACh
ID: inhibiting ACh breakdown |
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Direct acting cholinergic drug names (3).
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bethanechol, metoclopramide, pilocarpine
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Indirect acting cholinergic drug names (4).
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1. edrophonium
2. neostigmine & physostigmine 3. demecarium & isoflurophate 4. organophosphates |
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Reversal agent of organophosphate.
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pralidoxime
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Atropine.
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antidote for organophosphate poisoning
preanesthetic anticholinergic/parasympatholytic |
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Anticholinergic drugs (4).
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atropine, glycopyrrolate, aminopentamide, propantheline
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T/F. Only productive coughs should be suppressed.
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False - nonproductive/dry coughs
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Mucolytic drug.
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acetylcysteine
treat APAP toxicity in cats |
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Expectorant drug.
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guaifenesin
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antitussive drugs (5).
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butorphanol (central)
hydrocodone (central): harsh nonproductive cough codeine (central) DXM (central): not effective in vet med trimeprazine (central); combo prednisolone |
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What 3 things can cause bronchoconstriction?
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ACh, histamine, blocked B2 receptor
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Anticholinergic bronchodilator drugs (3).
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aminoipentamide, atropine, glycopyrrolate
atropine: + ADRs |
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MOA of B2 receptor agonists.
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1. bronchodilation
2. stabilize mast cells |
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Which B2 agonists are preferred bronchodilators?
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terbutaline and albuterol
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Antihistamines can prevent ___ in horses and ___ in cats.
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heaves, asthma
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Respiratory stimulant drugs (3).
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doxapram, naloxone, yohimbine
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When is doxapram used?
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C-section or dystocia
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Which antidiarrheal is used to treat tenesmus? Drug names (3).
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anticholinergics
atropine, aminopentamide, propantheline |
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Difference between protectant vs adsorbents. Drugs (3).
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p: coat
a: bind pepto, kaolin/pectin, activated charcoal |
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What antidiarrheal can cause excite in horses and cats?
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opiate related and narcotic analgesics
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Paregoric can be combined with ___/___.
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kaolin/pectin
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Osmotic laxatives are not recommended for what animal?
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cats
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Stimulant laxative drug names (2).
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bisacodyl, phenophthalein
absorbed systemically |
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Emollients decrease ____.
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straining during defecation
stool softeners, lubricants, fecal wetting agents not absorbed systemically |
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What emollient is commonly used to treat hairballs in cats?
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white petrolatum
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Prokinetic drug neostigmine MOA.
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competitively inhibits AChE
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Dopaminergic antagonist drugs (2). ADR.
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metoclopramide
domperidone behavioral in nature |
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serotonergic agonist
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cisapride
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What types of drug classes are used as anti-emetics?
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phenothiazine
antihistamines anticholinergics procainamide deriv 5HT recep antag |
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Metoclopramide is contraindicated in what type of patients?
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GI obstruction, perforations, or hemorrhage
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Which antiemetic has central and peripheral effects?
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5HT recep antag: ondansetron, dolasetron
reserved for specific use |
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What is the emetic choice for dogs? cats?
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apomorphine; xylazine
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Dose of 3% hydrogen peroxide
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1 tsp/5 lbs
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Class I block ___ channels. Class II? Class III? IV?
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Na, Beta, K, Ca
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Speed of association/dissociation in Class I.
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Ia: intermediate; ouinidine
Ib: fast; lidocaine Ic: slow; flecainide |
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What is used for bracken fern poisoning? and heparin overdose?
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protamine sulfate
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What is used to treat rodenticide poisoning?
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vit k1 or phytonadione
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Which diuretic is used to treat resp. hemorrhage in racing horses?
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loop
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Uroliths in bladder causes? in urethra?
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hematuria/dysuria
obstruction: narrow urethra |
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Alkaline urine is what type of urolith? acidic?
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struvite
Ca oxalate, cystine, ammo urate |
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T/F. Renal disease patients should not be fed acidifying diets.
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True
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Which drugs are used to treat urinary incontinence? retention?
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anticholinergics
cholinergic agonist or adrenergic antag |
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What is used to treat spinal cord bladders?
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cholinergic agonist e.g. bethanechol
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What drugs are used to treat stress incontinence?
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alpha and beta adrenergic agonists
phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine |
