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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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3 coccidia-related genera of interest
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Babesia
Theileria Plasmodium |
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Coccidia-related genera of interest
- lifecycle - DH, site - IH |
Coccidia-related genera of interest
Indirect lifecycle DH: vertebrate, blood IH: invertebrate |
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Babesia
- disease - DH - IH |
Babesia
Babesiosis = piroplasmosis DH: mammals (various) IH: Ixodid ticks |
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Theileria
- disease - DH, site - IH |
Theileria
Theileriosis = piroplasmosis DH: mammals (ruminants) IH: ticks |
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Plasmodium
- disease - DH, site - IH |
Plasmodium
- malaria DH: vertebrates (humans) IH: mosquitos |
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What's this?
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Pair of Babesia MEROZOITES in red blood cell
Pear-shaped (= pyriform, hence piroplasma) Indistinguishable from Theileria |
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What species of Babesia are important in Australia?
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Dog
B. canis vogeli B. gibsoni Cattle B. bovis B. bigemina |
Dog
B. c...... v..... B. g..... Cattle B. b...... B. bi...... |
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Babesia of dogs in Australia
- 2 species - relative pathogenicity |
Babesia canis vogeli
- mild pathogenicity Babesia gibsoni - pathogenic |
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Babesia canis vogeli
- geography - IH |
- Northern Australia
- Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) |
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Babesia gibsoni
- geography - IH |
- reported in Victoria 2002
- Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and/or Haemophysalis longicornis) |
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Babesia of dogs in Australia
- 2 species - relative pathogenicity - geography - IH |
Babesia canis vogeli
- mild pathogenicity - Northern Australia - Rhipicephalus sanguineus Babesis gibsoni - pathogenic, reported in Vic 2002 - Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and/or Haemophysalis longicornis |
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Babesia in dogs
- clinical signs |
Immune-mediated haemolysis
Anaemia, pyrexia, pallor, lethary Thrombocytopaenia Extra- and intra-vascular (DIC) Multiple organ dysfunction (L, K, CNS) Severity varies with species |
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Tick fever
organism? DH? IH? (species) |
Babesia bovis transmitted by Boophilus microplus ("tick fever")
(B. bigemina less pathogenic) |
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Red water
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Haemoglobinuria (Hbi in urine)
dt intra-erthyrolytic schizogony of Babesia bovis leading to haemolytic anaemia & haemolysis of terminal blood vessels in kidney |
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Babesia bovis
- immunity |
Good protective immunity
Bos indicus more resistant Young more resistant |
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Babesia bovis
- geography |
Disease distribution mirrors tick distribution - Northern Australian seaboard and inland to NSW
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Babesia bovis
- enzootic stability versus instability |
Enzootic "present constantly in a location"
Thus animals from enzootic area have a level of immunity dt exposure whereas animals from outside the enzootic area have no protective immunity |
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Babesia
- diagnosis |
History: season & geography
Blood smear - intraerythrocytic stages Serology PCR |
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Babesia
- treatment & control |
Prevention
- tick control (dipping but drug resistance, anti-tick vax partly effective) - live attenuated vax (cattle) Treatment - imidocarb plus supportive (for dogs & expensive bulls only) |
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Babesia
- risk of eliminating all parasites |
Eliminate premunition (lifelong immunity after recovery) thus greatly decrease herd immunity if exposed.
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Tick fever
- 2 forms |
Acute (cerebral) and chronic
- CNS signs common |
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Theileria
- disease - DH - geography |
Theileriosis = piroplasmosis
DH: ungulates (wild & domestic) Africa, Asia, Europe, North America ***No pathogenic species in Australia*** |
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Theileria
- key features of LC |
Schizogony in both leucocytes and erythrocytes
Tick transmission (trans-stadial (bn nymph & adult), no transovarial) |
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Theileria
- diagnosis |
Blood smears (erythrocytes, leucocytes, macrophages)
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Theileria
- control |
Control similar as for Babesia
- control ticks (dipping) - quarantine - live attenuated vax |
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Theileria
- treatment |
Tetracyclines prevent disease IF given during incubation period
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Malaria
- main sp. infecting humans |
Plamodium falciparum
Also P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae |
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Malaria
- geography - DH - IH |
Tropics & subtropics (follow IH)
NOT Australia (but endemic to PNG) DH: mammals (primates, rodents), birds, reptiles IH: FEMALE mosquitoes (Anopheles, Aedes, Culex) |
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Malaria,
- 3 key features of life cycle |
Exo-erythrocytic shizogony in liver
Intra-erythrocytic shizogony Mosquitos remain infected for life |
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Malaria
- pathogenesis |
Hepatosplenomegaly during exo-erythrocytic schizogony
Haemolytic anaemia (cerebral involvement), characteristic fever paroxyms, haemoglobinuria ("black water") |
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Malaria
- diagnosis |
Clinical symptoms & Blood smears
Serology PCR (esp. to detect resistant strains) |
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Malaria
- control |
Control mosquitos
- insecticides - bed nets NO vaccine |
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Malaria
- treatment |
Quinine (gin& tonic!), chloroquinine, tetracyclines
Traditional remedies esp artemisinin |
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Malaria
- biggest challenges |
Multidrug resistance seen in Plasmodium falciparum
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Why can malaria relapse in people?
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Some sporozoites in the liver undergo arrested development forming
HYPNOZOITES |
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Pathogenic Babesia in dogs in Australia
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Babesia canis vogeli (mild)
Babesia gibsoni (pathogenic) |
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Pathogenic Babesia in cattle in Australia
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Babesia bovis
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Pathogenic Theileria in Australia
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NONE
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Pathogenic Plasmodium in Australia
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NONE
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"Red water"
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Haemoglobinuria dt B. bovis
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"Black water"
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Haemoglobinuria dt Plasmodium infection of people
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Coccidia-related Apicomplexan with extra-erythrocytic lifecycle
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Plasmodium
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Coccidia-related Apicomplexan with leucocytic lifecycle
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Theileria
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