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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
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right and left cranial, right and left caudal
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what is the lateral part of the middle region of the abdomen?
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flank
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what are the inguinal regions
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area next to junction of thigh and abdomen
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what is the dorsal part of the flank region?
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paralumbar fossa
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list the main structures found in the left cranial quadrant
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Diaphragm, left liver lobes, funds and body of stomach, cranial pole of left kidney, spleen, left limb of pancreas
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what main structures are located in the right cranial quadrant?
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diaphragm, epiploic foramen, caudal lobe of liver, right lobe and body of pancreas, pylorus and pyloric antrum, descending duodenum, right adrenal, cranial lobe of right kidney
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what major structures are located in the right caudal quadrant?
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descending duodenum, cecum, uterine horn and ovary, caudal pole of right kidney, right ductus deferens, right vaginal ring, right ureter
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what main structures are found int eh left caudal quadrant?
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descending colon, left ureter, caudal mesenteric a., mesocolon, left uterine horn and ovary, left ductus deferens, left vaginal ring, left ureter
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where is the fundus of the stomach located?
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left cranial/ dorsal abdomen
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what structures are easy keys to visualizing the location of other abdominal structures?
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descending duodenum on right side and descending colon on left side
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what spaces store milk in the mammary gland?
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lactiferous (milk) sinus (cistern)= glands sinus + teat sinus
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what passages lead from the teat sinus to the outside?
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teat canal or papillary duct
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generally where do the mammary glands lymphatic drain?
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caudal: superficial inguinal ln; cranial: to axillary ln (also accessory axillary if present sternal)
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list the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep
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external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique transverse abdominis and ventrally the rectus abdominis |
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what is a flat thin tendon called?
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aponerosis
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what is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas muscle to the prepubic tendon?
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inguinal ligament
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what is the rectus sheath?
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aponeuroses of the abdominal mm. around the recutus abdominis m., meet/ fuse at the linea alba
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where do the aponeroses of the abdominal muscles meet/ fuse?
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midline to form linea alba
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what is the deep fascia of the back?
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thoracacolumbar fascia
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what is the musculotendinous partition between the abdomen and thorax?
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diaphragm (cranial boundary of the abdomen)
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list the openings through the diaphragm
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aortic, esophageal hiatuses and caval foramen
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what is the motor innervation of the diaphragm?
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phrenic nerve (somatic n.)
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what is the intrathoracic part ofthe abdominal cavity?
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cranial part, protected by caudal ribs and costal cartilages
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what is the directional terms for a part further from the mouth?
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aborad
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what is the therm for a part closer to the mouth?
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orad
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what are the two named curvatures of the stomach?
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greater and lesser curvature
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what is the muscular sphinter surrounding the stomach's outflow?
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pylorus
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list the parts of the stomach
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cardia, fundus, body, pylorus (pyloric antrum, pylorus, pyloric opening)
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what is the least vascular part of the stomach?
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body between 2 curvatures
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what side of the animal is the pylorus? the fundus?
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pylorus: right (as in duodenum), fundus: left
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which is more ventral to the fundus or pylorus of the stomach?
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pylorus
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name the three divisions of the small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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which part of the small intestine has the longest mesentery?
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jejunum, give great range of motion
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the descending duodenum is on what side of the abdomen?
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right
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list the parts of the large intestine
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cecum, colon, and rectum, anal canal
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where is the cecum located?
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right side
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to what are species differences in the large intestine due?
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modification of the asceding colon
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what is the opening of the ileum into the colon (not cecum)?
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Ileocolic (ileal) opening (orifice)
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name the three parts of the colon
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ascending, transverse, and descending
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what is the course of the transverse colon in all domestic species
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right to left cranial to root of mesentary
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on which sides of the animal is the descending colon?
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left, called the left colon
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what are the reservoirs for secretions opening into the carnivores anus?
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anal sacs (paranal sinuses)
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where do the anal sacs open in the anal canal?
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4 and 8 o'clock
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where is the liver located?
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cranial abdomen abutting diaphragm, almost completely intrathroacic
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the renal impression is in which liver lobe? which side of liver?
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caudate lobe (caudate process), right
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what ligaments attaches the liver to the stomach?
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lesser omentum
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what structure stores and concentrates bile?
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gall bladder
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what is the structural unit of the liver?
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lobule
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list the parts of the pancreas and their locations
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right limb: mesoduodenum, body: near pylorus; left limb: deep leaf greater omentum
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where is the dorsal end of spleen located? ventral?
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on left (fixed to greater curvature), variable
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what is the elongated areas of the spleen where vessels enter?
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hilus
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what arteries pass from the spleen to the fundus to the stomach?
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short gastric aa.
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what is a serous membrane?
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a thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity and covering its organs.
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of what does the serosa consist?
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layer of mesothelium (simple squamous) + connective tissue backing
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what is the purpose of a serous membrane?
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secrete fluid to decrease friction between organs
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name the serous membranes of the pericardium, thorax, abdomen, and vaginal process
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serous pericardium; pleura; peritoneum; vaginal tunic
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what serous membrane covers the walls of a cavity?
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parietal
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what serous membrane or serosa covers an organ
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visceral peritoneum (often just called serosa or peritoneum)
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what do clinicians usually call the visceral serosa on an organ?
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just serosa
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list three different types of peritoneum
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parietal, visceral, and connecting
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list three or four types of connecting peritoneum
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mesenteries, omenta, ligaments and folds
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what peritoneum connects the liver and the ventral abdominal wall?
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falciform ligament
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how many layers are in the different classifications of peritoneum?
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parietal and visceral- 1; connecting- 2
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what is the peritoneal cavity?
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potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum
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what is in the peritoneal cavity?
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scant amount of fluid, NO ORGANS
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list the three pouches of the peritoneum
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rectogenital, vesicogenital, pubovesical
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what does retroperitoneal mean?
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behind peritoneum
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give the location of the epiploic foramen into the omental bursa
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ventromedial to caudate lobe (liver) between caudal vena cava and portal v. (the hepatic a.)
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what is in the free edge of the middle ligament of the bladder?
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urachus or remant of urachus
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what is a mesentary?
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connecting peritoneum between organ's visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
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how are mesenteries named?
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meso + organ connected
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what is the functions of mesenteries?
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suspend organs and path for vessels nn to organ
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name the four unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta
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celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric, and median sacral aa.
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what structures does the celiac artery supply?
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cranial abdominal organs (stomach, liver, spleen, and part of the duodenum)
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what are the three branches of the celiac artery?
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hepatic, splenic, and left gastric
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what are the numerous vessels to the jejunum
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jejunal arteries from cranial mesenteric a.
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how do the jejunal arteries terminate to supply the jejunum?
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form arcades and vasa recti to jejunum
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how are the ovarian arteries located?
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lift up ovary and look for vessels in mesovarium
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how are the testicular arteries located in the abdomen?
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passing caudal to kidney to vaginal tunic
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what vein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limb ?
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caudal vena cava
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how is the caudal vena cava formed?
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external and internal iliac v v. unite = 2 common iliac v.v. which unite = caudal vena cava
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what vein carries the blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver?
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portal v. (hepatic portal v.)
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what are the primary abdominal organs not drained by the portal vein?
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kidneys, adrenal glands, gonads, liver
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why arent the kidneys, adrenals, and gonads drained by the portal vein?
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their hormones would be destroyed by the liver
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to where does the lymph from the pelvic limbs, pelvis and abdomen drain?
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cisterna chyli
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what lymphatic vessel drains the lymph from the cisterna chyli
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thoracic duct
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what are the large lymph nodes beneath the termination of the aorta?
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medial iliac lymph nodes
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what are the intestinal lymphatic vessels that absorb fat?
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lacteals
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what directions do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves travel?
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caudoventral direction
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what is the sympathetic innervation to the abdomen? parasympathetic?
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sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nn,. collateral ganglion and plexuses
-vagus- through trans. colon, pelvic n. descending colon |
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what are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
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near branches of abdominal aorta
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what gland is part of the sympathetic ANS?
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adrenal glands (medulla)
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what is the spacial relationship of the two kidneys?
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right a half a kidney length cranial to the left
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what is an easy way to remember which kidney is more cranial?
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right fits in renal impression over the liver
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what makes up the parenchyma of the kidney?
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outer cortex and inner medulla
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what is the expanded proximal end of ureters?
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renal pelvis
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what tube carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
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ureter
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what is the longitudianl ridge projecting into the renal pelvis?
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renal crest
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where does urine drip from the kidney
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renal crest
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which species has capsular veins on the outside of its kidneys?
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cat
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what parts of the renal pelvis surrounds the pseudopapillae?
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pelvic recesses/ diverticulae
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what are the parts of the urinary bladder?
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neck, body, and apex
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how do the ureters pass through the bladder wall and why?
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oblique angle to prevent back flow
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where is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
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dorsal internal area between the two ureteral openings and opening of the urethra
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what is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney?
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nephron
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what non-nephronic structure carries urine from the nephron to the renal pelvis?
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collecting ducts
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what are the boundaries of the abdomen?
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cranial: diaphragm
caudal: pelvic inlet dorsal: spinal column Lateral/ventral: abdominal mm. ventral: rectus abdominis |
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into what do perpendicular lines through the umbilicus divide the abdomen?
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quadrants
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name 5 structures normally located in the right cranial quadrant
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pylorus, body of pancreas, duodenum, right lobes of the liver, gall bladder, ascending and transverse colon
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list two structures normally located in the right caudal quadrant
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cecum, small intestine
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where is the transverse colon seen in the DV view?
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crosses cranial quadrants from right to left just caudal to the stomach
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which quadrants hold the greatest number of individual structures?
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cranial quadrants
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what are the different opacities seen on radiographs from least to most?
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Air, fat, fluid, bone, metal (bubbles, blubber, blood, bone, bullet)
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which side of the animal is up in right lateral recumbency?
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Left side up
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which side is down in a right lateral view?
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left
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is the VD or DV abdominal view more commonly taken?
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VD usually, unless a gastric contrast studies is being done
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into what do perpendicular lines through the umbilicis divide the abdomen?
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quadrants
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where is the transverse colon seen in the VD view?
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crosses cranial quadrants from right to left just caudal to stomach
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where is the head of the spleen located in a VD view?
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left cranial quadrant, lateral and caudal to stomach-triangle
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how should abdominal films be evaluated?
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systematic and same way every time
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following the small bowel is overpowering, but try to trace the individual loops, so any ____ loops are not overlooked
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sentinel/ abnormal/ distended (indicate problem)
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where is the spleen seen on a left lateral view of the abdomen?
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ventral, just caudal to the liver
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what part of the right kidney can't be seen normally?
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cranial pole embedded in liver
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where is the left kidney in relationship to the right kidney?
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1/2 kidney length caudal, slightly ventral
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what lymph nodes are located in the root of the mesentary?
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mesenteric lymph nodes
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what is the level of the root of the mesentary?
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L2
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where is air likely to be seen in the stomach in a radiograph taken in right lateral recumbency (right view)?
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Fundus (left side up, fundus is up)
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where is air likely seen in the stomach in a left lateral view (left lateral recumbency)?
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pylorus (right side up)
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where is the pylorus located in the abdomen?
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ventral, right sdie
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where would gas be expected in the stomach in a DV view?
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Fundic region (dorsal up)
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where would gas be expected in the stomach in a VD view?
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pyloric region (ventral up) and sometimes fundus
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what is the normal position of an unfilled stomach?
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within the rib cage
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what is the definition of the axis of the stomach?
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line through fundus, body, and pylorus
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what is the normal stomachs axis in the lateral projection?
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between lines vertical to spine and parallel to ribs
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what is the stomach axis in VD or DV view?
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perpendicular to spine
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what is the stomach axis used for clinically?
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evaluate size of liver
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what is the use of air and contrast material within an organ called ?
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double contast studies (applies to bladder also)
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where is the descending duodenum located?
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right cranial and caudal abdomen
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what is the shape and location of the cecum in the VD radiograph?
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"C" corkscrew shape; right side of of L3
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when can the dog's cecum be seen in survey radiographs?
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when has intraluminal gas
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can the normal colon be identified on survey radiographs? why?
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usually presence of fecal material and gas
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what structures are at the termination of the abdominal aorta?
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medial iliac lymph nodes
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in normal adult dogs on an expiratory abdominal radiograph, the liver dosen't extend past the last ____.
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rib
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between what two structures is the liver located?
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stomach and diaphragm
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what cups the cranial pole of the right kidney?
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renal impression of liver, caudate lobe
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what is used radiographically to evaluate the size of the liver?
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axis of the stomach (line through fundus, body, and pylorus)
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what is used radiographically to evaluate the size of the liver?
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axis of the stomach (line through fundus, body, and pylorus)
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how does the caudal margin of a normal liver appear in a lateral projection?
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crisp triangle
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where is the spleen usually seen in a lateral projection in right lateral recumbency?
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soft tissue triangular shape adjacent to and caudal to the stomach, left side
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what lymph nodes are located in the root of the mesentery? Are they evident in a normal radiograph?
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Mesenteric lymph nodes, no
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why is or isn't the pancreas radiographically visible?
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Isn't : similar opacity to the surrounding organs
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on what does visualization of the renal borders depend?
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amount of perirenal fat present
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what is the normal size of the kidneys of dogs and cats?
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Dog: 2.5-3.5 time the length of lumbar vertebrae L2 on VD view
Cat: 2.4-3 times the length of L2 |
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what is the relationship of the kidneys to each other?
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right 1/2 kidney cranial to the left
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are the ureters visible on survey radiographs?
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no
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the adrenal glands are or are not visible normally on survey films?
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are not, may be in cats if they are calcified
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what is the most important layer that must be opposed when closing a paramedian midline incision?
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external rectus sheath
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what is the most important structure to close in a midline incisions?
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linea alba
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must the peritoneum be apposed when closing the ventral midline incision?
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no, best to leave it alone
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what is the landmark for finding the adrenal glands?
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phrenicoabdominal v. over ventral surface
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where is the spleen located in a laparotomy incision?
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left side or across midline
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when wouldn't a mastectomy be performed on a mammary tumor?
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if distal lung metastasis present already
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what is a metastasis?
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transfer of disease from 1 part of body to another
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what is attempted to be incised in a midventral abdominal incision?
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linea alba
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what is the incision into the abdomen just off the midline?
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paramedian incision (approach)
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what is the most important structure to close in a midline incision?
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linea alba
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what is located in the cranial end of a ventral laparotomy incision?
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falciform incision
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where is the spleen located when doing a laparotomy incision? How does this affect your incision?
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left side or across midline tent wall when opening abdomen
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why must including the falciform ligament or its fat in the closure of the abdomen be avoided?
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may delay healing and contribute to wound dehiscense
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must the peritoneum be apposed when closing the ventral midline incision?
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no, best to leave ita lone
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what is the clinical significance of the rectus sheaths?
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close external rectus sheath-holding layer
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what is a hernia?
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protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abdominal opening, usually covered by peritoneum
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where is the abdomen most safely punctured (paracentesis)? why?
|
slighly caudolateral and to right of umbilicus; avoids fat filled falciform and full urinary baldder and to right to avoid spleen
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what is a common cause of diaphragmatic hernias?
|
trauma (cars #1, fights, kicks, falls)
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where is a gastrotomy be performed in the stomach?
|
through body between 2 curvatures (less blood)
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what part of the stomach is filled with air on a DV radiograph?
|
fundus, left side
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what is used radiographically to evaluate the size of the liver?
|
axis of the stomach (line through fundus, body, and pylorus)
|
|
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how does the caudal margin of a normal liver appear in a lateral projection?
|
crisp triangle
|
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where is the spleen usually seen in a lateral projection in right lateral recumbency?
|
soft tissue triangular shape adjacent to and caudal to the stomach, left side
|
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what lymph nodes are located in the root of the mesentery? Are they evident in a normal radiograph?
|
Mesenteric lymph nodes, no
|
|
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why is or isn't the pancreas radiographically visible?
|
Isn't : similar opacity to the surrounding organs
|
|
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on what does visualization of the renal borders depend?
|
amount of perirenal fat present
|
|
|
what is the normal size of the kidneys of dogs and cats?
|
Dog: 2.5-3.5 time the length of lumbar vertebrae L2 on VD view
Cat: 2.4-3 times the length of L2 |
|
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what is the relationship of the kidneys to each other?
|
right 1/2 kidney cranial to the left
|
|
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are the ureters visible on survey radiographs?
|
no
|
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the adrenal glands are or are not visible normally on survey films?
|
are not, may be in cats if they are calcified
|
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where is the descending duodenum?
|
right side (key to rest of the abdomen)
|
|
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what is intussesception?
|
telescoping of a segment of the intestine into the lumen of an adjacent segment
|
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how is the intestine cut when doing a resection and anastomoses?
|
"angle cut toward lesion" (antimesenteric > mesenteric side of removed piece)
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why are the cuts angled in an intestinal resection and anastomoses?
|
anastomosed lumen larger to prevent stricture
|
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what structure identifies and locates the rest of the large and small intestines during an exploratory surgery?
|
cecum
|
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how are plugged anal sacs treated?
|
manual evacuation (gloved hand holds 4 x4 gauze pushed forward cranial to the sacs, squeeze in and pull caudally evacuating sac; or gloved finger in anus, thumb lateral and deep to a sac, sqeeze and withdraw)
|
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what must be avoided when surgically removing the anal sacs?
|
external anal sphincter and caudal rectal nn.
|
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what are pathological tracts between rectum and skin surrounding anus?
|
recotcutaneous fistulas
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what is eversion of the inner rectum through the anus?
|
rectal prolapse
|
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|
waht is inflammation of the liver?
|
hepatitis
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can the liver be palpated in a normal dog?
|
no
|
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what is inflammation of the pancreas?
|
pancreatitis
|
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what is the removal of the spleen?
|
splenectomy
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how do animals function without a spleen?
|
quite well, may be a little more suseptible to blood born organisms (Haemobartonella, babesia)
|
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how are the vessels ligated during a splenectomy and why?
|
close to hilus, preserve short gastrics and left gastroepiploic supply to the stomach
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what arteries to the stomach come off the splenic artery?
|
short gastrics and left gastroepiploic aa.
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waht is inflammation of the peritoneum?
|
peritonitis
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what serosa is seen in the cranial end of a ventral midline incision
|
falciform ligament
|
|
|
is the peritoneum opposed when closing the abdomen?
|
no
|
|
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what is wound dehiscence?
|
seperation of layers of a surgical wound
|
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where would you make an incision to open the stomach and why?
|
between curvatures, less vessels
|
|
|
what vascular incidence can cause paralysis of the rear limb in cats?
|
saddle thrombus in caudal aorta, blocking external iliac a.
|
|
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what is a postsystemic shunt?
|
splanchnic (visceral) circulation bypasses normal hepatic system and empties into systemic veins
|
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what abdominal lymph node may be surmised to be enlarged in a lateral radiograph by ventral displacement of the descending colon?
|
medial iliac lymph nodes
|
|
|
can the kindeys be palpated in the dog?
|
yes in some dogs, right is more difficult
|
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how easy can the cat's kidneys be palpated through the abdominal wall?
|
usually pendulous enough to palpate
|
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how do you visualize the left kidney during a laparotomy?
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pull the descending colon and its mesocolon medially and look in the abdominal gutter
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what is inflammation of the kidney?
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nephritis
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what structure of the renal pelvis shows up in contrast studies of the kidney that can give clues to problems?
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pelvic recesses
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what is the removal of a kidney? what should be checked first?
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nephrectomy; check for another kidney
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what is inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis?
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pyelonephritis
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how would you locate a right kidney during an exploratory surgery ?
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pull the descending duodenum and its mesentery medially, look in the abdominal gutter
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what is the landmark for finding the adrenal glands?
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phrenicoabdominal v. over the ventral surface
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what is a patent urachus?
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persistent urachus form the bladder to the umbilicus
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what is FUS in tom cats?
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urinary tract disease characterized by dysuria and hematuria with or without obstruction
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what is the common site of urethral obstruction in a tomcat?
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penile urethra
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what abnormal termination ofa ureter some place besides the urinary bladder?
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ectopic ureter
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how is an ectopic ureter corrected?
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surgically reimplantureterobliquely thorugh the bladder wall
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what is inflammation of the urinary bladder?
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cystitis
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is the urinary bladder palpable in the dog and cat?
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readily
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what is a common urinary bad habit in tom cats?
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urine spraying
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ectomy
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removal of an organ or part by surgery
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myotomy
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surgical division of a muscle
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ostomy
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surgically creating an artificial opening between 2 hollow organs or between a hollow organ and abdominal wall
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otomy
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surgical incision
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plasty
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shaping or surgical formation of
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what is an incision opening the abdomen?
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laparatomy or celiotomy incision
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what is done with a falciform ligament that obscures the view of the abdomen?
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removed
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what structures can be visualized through a xiphoid to pubis laparotomy incision without manipulation, and thier locations?
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cranial: falciform ligament,
-middle: greater omentum and +/- tail of spleen -caudal: bladder |
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how would you locate a bleeding ovarium stump during a spay?
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pull descending duodenum or descending colon and its mesentary medially and look caudal to kidney
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make a check list for a complete surgical exploration of the abdomen.
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1a. between the liver and diaphragm
b. liver c. between the liver and stomach d. gall bladder and stomach e. stomach and omentum cranially f. palpate intestines g. abdominal gutters h.caudal abdomen and cranial pelvis |
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how is the epiploic foramen found?
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slide finger medial to the caudate process of liver and between the portal v. and caudal vena cava
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how are the abdominal gutters visualized?
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pull the duodenum and mesoduodenum or colon and mesocolon medially, packing off the rest of the viscera, to see the right or left "gutters"
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what is checked in the caudal abdomen during an exploratory?
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vaginal ring and ductus deferens, ureter to urinary bladder, proximal urethra, body and cervix (stump if spayed), prostate in male
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what is the use of opaque media (positive contrast agents) or gas (negative contrast agent) to delinate portions of the GI tract called?
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contrast studies
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which side is up in a right lateral recumbency?
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left side up
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on what does peritoneal detail depend?
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serosal fat around organs
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why does fat contrast water fluid or soft tissue opacities?
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radiographically less radiopaque than fluid/ soft tissue
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when do you get loss of serosal detail?
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fat is absent or fluid or inflammtion is present
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how can the structures in a "ground glass" abdomen be visualized?
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ultrasound
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what quadrant shows focal loss of detail die to pancreatitis?
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right cranial quadrant
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how would you precisely locate a readiopaque foreign body to the stomach?
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take 2 radiographs 90 degrees to each other (lateral and VD)
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what does full 360 degree gastic dilation and volvulus look like on a lateral radiograph?
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enlarged gas filled stomach with a fold dividing the stomach into dorsal and ventral compartments (fold into volvulus)
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linear foreign bodies in the small intestine, such as a string, will cause the bowel to ____ ____ on the string due to peristalsis
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bunch up/ plicated or accordion pleating
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the relatively mobile colon's abnormal placement can be a ___to what is happening around it?
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clue sometimes
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what is a common cause of ventral displacement of the terminal colon?
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enlargement of medial iliac lymph nodes
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how is the stomach axis positioned in a lateral film where there is an enlarged liver?
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exceeds angle parallel to ribs
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what does a blunt and rounded caudal liver margin infer?
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liver enlargement
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what radiographic finding my indicate pancreatitis?
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cranial and lateral displacement of the descending duodenum or pylorus, focal loss of peritoneal detail
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what can pancreatitis do to the radiographic appearance of the abdomen around it?
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focal loss of detail in right cranial quadrant
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what lymph nodes are located at the root of the mesentary?
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mesenteric lymph nodes
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why is or isn't the pancreas radiographically visible?
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isn't: similar opacity to surroundings
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what structure of the renal pelvis shows up in contrast studies of the kidney can give you clues of a problem?
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peliv diverticular/ recesses
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