Vertebrates Bsc 2011C Exam 2 Crampton Ucf

Front 1

TRIBLOBASTIC BILATERIA + COELOMATES + DEUTEROSTOMES =

Back 1

the chordates

(and echinoderms)

Front 2

Four characters common to all chordates

Back 2

1. Notochord – flexible rod of fluid filled cells
2. Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
3. Pharyngeal slits – fileter feeding and respiration
4. Muscular post-anal tail - propulsion

Front 3

Skeletal support & anchor for swimming muscle
Flexible rod made of fluid-filled cells

Back 3

Notochord

Front 4

Develops into CNS

Back 4

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (Non-chordate nerve cords are solid)

Front 5

-found in embryos of all chordates – even if absent in the adults
-Filter-feeding devices
-Respiration (gills)

Back 5

Pharyngeal slits

Front 6

“Lancelets” - translucent, fish-like
Use cilia to filter-feed.
Adults have all 4 chordate characters (& resemble larval Urochordata)

Back 6

Cephalochordata

Front 7

“Tunicates” (sea squirts)
Sessile as adults.
Filter-feeders
All 4 chordate characteristics only displayed in larval stage.

Back 7

Subphylum Urochordata

Front 8

expansion of anterior end of dorsal nerve cord
Sensory organs: EYES – detection of light and images
OLFACTORY SYSTEM – detection of chemicals (smells)
Pharyngeal slits used as GILLS instead of filter feeding structures
Extra cluster of Hox genes

Back 8

Craniata – main synapomorphy = possession of cranium

Front 9

Myxini
“Hagfishes”
Cartilaginous skull
Lack jaws and vertebrae
Produce slime!

Back 9

Craniate

Front 10

“Lampreys”
Still lack jaws
Pharyngeal slits … gills
Gained vertebral column
Skeleton of cartilage

Back 10

The Vertebrates.
key synapomorphy: Vertebral column

Front 11

key synapomorphy: Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Mineralized skeletal elements began in mouth

Back 11

The Gnathostomes

Front 12

the first gnathostomes; armored vertebrates

Back 12

Placoderms

Front 13

sharks, rays, chimaeras

Back 13

The chondrichthyes

Front 14

Ray-finned fishes aka ?

Back 14

The Actinopterygii

Front 15

BONY FISHES AND TETRAPODS (animals with four walking legs)
Key synapomorphy: Lungs or lung derivatives (including swim bladders)

Back 15

THE OSTEICHTHYANS

Front 16

Actinistia: Coelacanths

Back 16

Lobe-finned fishes

Front 17

Lungfish
-Have true lungs!
-Also have gills
-Survive seasonal desiccation by Aestivating in mud

Back 17

Dipnoi

Front 18

Tetrapod synapomorphy

Back 18

walking legs, with feet and digits

Front 19

__________ has intermediate characters.
new characters include: movable neck, digits

Back 19

Tiktaliik

Front 20

Limbs evolve for moving in shallow water, and onto land for short periods. First tetrapods were _____________

Back 20

amphibious. Still require water for laying eggs.

Front 21

Key synapomorphy = Amniotic eggs

Back 21

The Amniotes: the reptiles and the mammalia

Front 22

protects and provides shock absorption

Back 22

Amnion

Front 23

disposal sac for wastes; also functions as a respiratory organ

Back 23

Allantois

Front 24

functions as a respiratory organ (gases diffuse freely across shell)

Back 24

Chorion

Front 25

stockpile of nutrients for the embryo

Back 25

Yolk sac

Front 26

REPTILES + SYNAPSIDS =

Back 26

AMNIOTES

Front 27

________ includes the birds and are ____________

Back 27

REPTILES INCLUDE THE BIRDS: reptiles are paraphyletic

Front 28

ANIMALS THAT GENERATE BODY HEAT BY METABOLISM

Back 28

ENDOTHERMS

Front 29

ANIMALS THAT DERIVE BODY HEAT FROM ENVIRONMENT

Back 29

ECTOTHERMS

Front 30

1. BIRDS + OTHER SAURISCHIAN DINOSAURS
2. MAMMALS

______therms?
-Endothermy evolved ____________ in these two groups

Back 30

ENDOtherms.

CONVERGENTLY

Front 31

Endothermic
the most diverse tetrapods
Most widely spread group of amniotes
Range in size from 5 cm
to 3 m

Back 31

BIRDS

Front 32

key synapomorphy = milk (and fur+

Back 32

Mammals

Front 33

3 major groups of mammals

Back 33

Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherians (placental mammals)

Front 34

e.g. Platypus, Echidna. Only mammals to lay eggs. They produce milk but have no nipples. Restricted to Australasia (Australia + New Guinea etc.)

Back 34

Monotremes

Front 35

Live birth
Milk from nipples
Rudimentary placenta
Pouch – young develop mostly here

Back 35

Marsupials.

Front 36

Complex placenta

Back 36

Eutherians

Front 37

Opposable thumb
Fingerprints
Large Brain

Back 37

Primates

Front 38

orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans =

Back 38

The extant apes

Front 39

______________ have a notochord and a dorsal hollow nerve chord

Back 39

Chordates

Front 40

_______are the chordates that have a head.

Back 40

Craniates

Front 41

___________ are the craniates that have a backbone.

Back 41

Vertebrates

Front 42

___________are the vertebrates that have jaws.

Back 42

Gnathostomes

Front 43

____________are the gnathostomes that have limbs

Back 43

Tetrapods

Front 44

_______ are the tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg.

Back 44

Amniotes

Front 45

_________ are amniotes that have hair and produce milk.

Back 45

Mammals

Front 46

________ are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion.

Back 46

Humans.