Vertebrates

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Chordata Subphyla

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"Urochordata-Sea squirts

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Phylum Chordata

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Notochord, complex jointed skeleton, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post-anal tail

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Urochordata

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Subphyla of Chordata. Resemble chordates during larval stage. Adult-works like sponge but has specialized tissues. Primitive.

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Cephalochordata

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Subphyla of Chordata. Have striated muscles. Ex. Lancelets-marine suspension feeders, sessile. Primitive.

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Craniata

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Subphyla of Chordata. Have a head (skull), brain, eyes, sensory organs. This allowed for active predation. Neural crest.

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Neural Crest

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collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins fo the closing neural tube in an embryo. Helps to form bones and cartilage of skull.

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Class Myxini

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Hagfishes-craniate, not vertebrates. Jawless, w/ cartilaginous skull & axial rod of cartilage derivved from the notochord. Lack vertebrae. Scavengers.

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Sub-phylum Vertebrata

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Have backbone, elaborate skull, fin rays (in aquatic forms). Arose during Cambrian period.

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Conodonts

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Ancestral vertebrates. Small (40mm) vertebrates from Cambrian. Had dentine-barbed hooks made of dental tissues that were mineralized.

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Ostracoderms

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"Ancestral vertebrates. Jawless ""fish"" with gills for respiration w/ no tru endoskeleton or scales."

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Class Cephalaspidomorphi

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Oldest living lineage of vertebrates. No bone, no jaw, just cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord & arching partly over the nerve chord. Ex. Lampreys

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Lampreys

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Class Cephalaspidomorphi. Jawless vertebrates. Aquatic. Parasites of fish. Plague Great Lakes.

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Origins of Bones and teeth

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Mineralization of cartilage (started in mouth). Vertebrate endoskeleton became fully mineralized later.

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Gnathosomes-Jaw

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Vertebrates w/ jaws. (Sharks, rays, fish, mammals). Skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits. 1st and 2nd gill arch migrated to mouth to make up lower jaw & upper jaw (1st arch) & hyoid (2nd arch).

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Gnathosomes characteristics

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Enhanced sensory systems (including lateral line system), mineralized endoskeleton, paired appendages. All used (along w/ jaws) to find prey.

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Acanthodians

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Teeth first develop. Share common ancestor w/ osteichthyes.

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Chondrichthyes

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Sharks, rays, etc. Cartilagenous skeleton (helps provide buoyancy in water) evolved from an ancstral mineralized skeleton (intermediate form). 2 lineages-sharks & rays, ratfishes or chimearas(rare, cartilagenous, jawed, not a true fish)

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Sharks

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Streamlined body, swift swimmers, acute senses, Ampullae of Lorenzini (electromagnetic detection device)

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Chondrichthyes Reproduction

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"Diverse.

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Osteichthyes

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Bony Fish w/ scales, fins, LUNGS. Respiration-4 or 5 pairs of gills protected by operculum (bony flap that allows passive water transport)

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Class Actinopterygii

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Ray-finned fishes. Fins supported by long, flexible rays modified for maneuvering, defense, & otehr functions. Analogous to finger bones.

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Class Sarcopterygii

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Lobe-fins (rare) have muscular & pectoral fins. Includes coelacanths, lungfishes, & tetrapods

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Tetrapods

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Have limbs & feet. Terrestrial, some 2ndary aquatic. 4 limbs & feet w/ digits, ears for detecting airborne sounds (some highly reduced)

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Origin of Tetrapods

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Progression-Bigger hip joint, pelvic girdle, flattened skull (allowed for binocular vision), ribs, well developed teeth

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Class Amphibia

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"""2 lives"" aquatic larva & terrestrial adult. Young are omnivores & adult are carnivores. Moist skin complements lungs in gas exchange. Dependent on standing water for reproduction."

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Order Urodela

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"Keep tail. Salamanders, live similar lives to frogs, & Newts, almost totally aquatic.

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Order Anura

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No tail. Frogs and toads. Toads have an enlarged defensive gland on back of head.

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Order Apoda

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Tropical. Rare. Includes caecilians, legless and resemble worms.

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Amniotes

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Group of terrestrial tetrapods. Named for the amniotic egg-contains specialed membranes that protect the embryo. They also have impermeable skin & a rib cage which allows for lung ventilation (less energy expense, protects, changes air pressure in lungs to allow breathing)

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Reptile Clade

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Tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, extinct dinosaurs. Scales that create a waterproof barrier (Includes feathers). Lay shelled eggs on land. Ectothermic (absorb external heat) except for birds (endothermic).

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Turtles

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Some terrestrial, some aquatic & marine. Shell made of upper (carapace) and lower (plastron) shields fused to vertebrae. Diff. skull structure. Predate diapsids, but not unique enough for own clade.

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Diapsids Clade

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Named for pair of holes on each side of the skull, behind the eye socket.

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Lepidosaurs

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2 lineages-2 species of tuatara (lizard-like) & squamates.

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Archosaurs

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Dinosaurs. Includes a vast range of shapes & sizes. Includes birds (all reptilian features have been modified to adapt to flight).