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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name some protostomes
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annelids, arthropods, mollusks
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name the chordates
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urochordates, cephalochordates, hagfish, and vertebrates
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name the somatichordates
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cephalochordates, hagfish, and vertebrates
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name the craniates
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hagfish and vertebrates
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name some urochordates
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sea squirt and tunicates
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name cephalochordates
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lancelot, amphioxus
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what is paedomorphosis?
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retention of juvenile characteristics in the active adult
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what are the craniate synapomorphies?
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cranium, complex sense organs, large three part brain, neuro crest cells, heart, gills, hemoglobin, etc
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what is in clade myxiniformes?
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hagfish
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describe the folding migration of the three germ layers that leads to the tube within a tube design
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a primitive streak forms along the surface of the ectoderm, a primitive knot forms at the end of the primitive streak
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what is the purpose of the neural crest cells?
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in later development, the cells migrate through the body and make pigment cells, tooth dentin, and parts of the skull, nerves and brain
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what are the three parts mesoderm differentiates into?
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somites, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate
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what are somites and what do they differentiate into?
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segments next to the nerve tube, turn into myomeres and vertebrae
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what does intermediate mesoderm form?
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nephrotomes for kidneys
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what does the lateral plate form?
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blood vessels, heart, coelum, mesentaries (not segmented)
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what does the endoderm form?
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gut and associated organs
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what does the ectoderm form?
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outer surfaces, skin, nervous system, neural crest
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what is in the integumentary system?
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external covering of vertebrates: skin, glands, accessory structures
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what does the integumentary system aid with?
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: protection, temperature regulation, water regulation, gas exchange, vitamin D synthesis, sensory stimuli reception, defense against microorganisms, pheromone production
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what are the 2 skin layers and what forms them?
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dermis-mesoderm
epidermis-ectoderm |
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what is the purpose of the epidermis in aqautic animals?
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secretes mucus, anti-parasite, reduce drag
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what are the two layers of the spidermis in terrestrial animals?
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stratum germinativum-living
struatum corneum-dead |
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which parts of the skeleton are non-mineralized?
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notochord, cartilage
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which parts of the skeleton are mineralized?
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bone, enamel, dentin
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name and describe the two types of bone
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dermal- grows in dermis, no cartilage precursor; flat and superficial like armor plates and skull roof
endochondral-cartilage precursor, deep structures |
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what is bones composed of?
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protein fibers (collagen) and mineral crystals (hydroxyapatite)
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what is the axial part of the skeleton?
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vertebrae, ribs, sternum
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what is the appendicular part of the skeleton?
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limbs
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name the three regions of the skull
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chondocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium
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what is the chondocranium?
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cartilage precursor; braincase deep bones of skull
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what is the splanchnocranium?
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cartilage precursor, derived from the neural crest, arches supported gills and jaws
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what is the dermatocranium?
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no cartilage precursor; superficial skull roof, palate, lower jaw
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homodont dentition?
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same tooth shape, frequent replacement
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heterodont dentition?
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different tooth shape, less frequent replacement
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do muscles work with one another?
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no they work in antagonistic pairs
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what muscles are used for locomotion in fish? control?
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axial muscles formed from myomeres; myosepta separate segments--> control
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In fish, what divides the epaxial muscles form the hypaxial muscles?
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horizontal septum from L to R
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what muscle do humans have more of?
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appendicular
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describe cutaneous respiration
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across wet skin, occurs in small animals and amphibians and cephalochordates
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describe gill respiration
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water comes in through mouth, flows over gills and out pharyngeal slits; water high in oxygen diffuses to blood low in oxygen
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what are the three main parts of the circulatory system?
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muscular pump, conduit system, and transport medium
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what is the muscular pump of the circulatory system?
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heart
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what is the conduit system of the circulatory system?
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vessels:
1. arteries 2. veins 3. capillaries 4. portal veins- veins between two capillary beds |
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what is the transport medium of the circulatory system?
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blood
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what develops the excretory system?
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intermediate mesoderm
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which structures remove nitrogenous waste, excess salt and water in the digestive system?
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nephrons in the kidney
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where is the blood filtered in the nephron?
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glomerulus
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what are the three evolutionary stages of the kidney?
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pronephros,opisthonephros, metanephros
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pronephros
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in embryos; far towards head
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opisthonephros
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fishes and amphibians; towards tail
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metanephros
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reptiles, birds and mammals; rearmost part of the opisthonephros
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what develops the reproductive system?
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intermediate mesoderm
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r strategists vs. k strategists
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r- large number of offspring, low parental care
k- smaller number of offspring, higher parental care |
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precocial vs. altricial
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precocial- born ready
altricial- need time to develop |
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which processes does the endocrine system control?
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continuous, gradual, long-term processes such as metabolism, growth, metamorphosis, sexual development
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which processes does the nervous system control?
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rapid, specific response (muscle twitches)
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3 regions of the brain?
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hindbrain, forebrain, midbrain
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what does the hindbrain control?
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hearing, balance
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what does the forebrain control?
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smell
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what does the midbrain control?
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vision
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what does the hindbrain control?
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hearing/ balance (vestibular system)
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what are the skin receptors in aquatic vertebrates that perceives disturbances in water?
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lateral line
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what is the spinal reflex arc?
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spine receives sensory input, integrates, and sends out response
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what is the oldest vertebrate? describe
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anatolepis; bony scales, marine, late cambrian
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name the vertebrates
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lampreys, conodonts (extinct), ostracoderms (extinct), gnathostomes
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what is the common petromyzontiforme?
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lampreys
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is the skeleton of lampreys bone or cartilage?
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cartilage
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do lampreys have teeth?
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no, they have pseudoteeth
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which periods did the conodonts live through?
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carboniferous-triassic
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how do conodonts differ from lampreys?
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theyre filter feeders while lampreys are parasites
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what do bones from is ostracoderms?
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body armor
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name some ostracoderms
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thelodont, pteraspid, psammosteid
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why are ostracoderms sisters to gnathostomes?
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large pectoral fins, broad flat head with ventral mouth, heterocercal tail
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how was the first mandibular jaw joint formed?
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upper: the palatoquadrate cartilage turned into quadrate bone
lower: the mandibular cartilage turned into articular bone |
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what does the gill slit become in gnathostomes?
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spiracle
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what are the advantages to having jaws?
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1.faster gill ventilation
2. faster feeding |
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what are the gnathostome synapomorphies?
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1. jaws
2. two pairs of paired fins 3. a third horizontal semicircular duct in the ear (3d orientation) |
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name the 2 mechanisms for one-way flow in fish
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buccal pumping and ram ventilation
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describe buccal pumping
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fish can be stationary; takes in water through mouth, closes mouth, and squeezes head to push water over gills
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describe ram ventilation
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fish must be swimming; mouth held open and water passes through over gills
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how do gills get oxygen out of water?
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countercurrent exchange
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describe countercurrent exchange
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blood leaves lamellae, water enters spaces between lamellae, water flows in opposite direction of blood, oxygen diffuses from water to blood, blood enters lamellae and water leaves
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name some problems with the swim bladder
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diving (pressure compresses bladder, fish sinks), rising (pressure expands bladder, fish explodes)
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how do fish cope with diving?
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gas gland secretes more oxygen
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how do Physostomous fish cope with rising?
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they burp out gas
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how do Physoclistous fish cope with rising
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they relax muscles cutting off the ovale which releases gas to the blood
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what kind of lens do fish have?
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spherical
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what is an anablep?
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a four eyed fish (corneas are divided and an oval lens helps light from water and air focus on the retina)
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is the lateral line system ancestral or derived?
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ancestral
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what is the purpose of the lateral line system?
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to detect motion in water
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which organs are associated with the lateral line system?
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neuromast organs
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what do the neuromast organs contain?
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pair of hair cells called kinocilia which insert into cupula gel
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how does the lateral line system detect water movement?
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water movement moves the cupula which is detected by the kinocilia which sends out a nerve signal
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what is electroreception?
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detects changes in electrical potential of the environment; helps detect prey from the electrical discharge of their muscles
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what are the pores filled with electrically conductive gel used in electroreception?
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ampullae of Lorenzini
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name some fish that capture prey or stun predators by electric discharge
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rays, eels, catfish
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name some fish that communicate by electric discharge
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gymnotids: knifefish, mormyrids
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freshwater vs. saltwater
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freshwater: doesn't drink, big glomerulus, absorbs ions through gills
saltwater: drinks, pumps ions through gills, little feces, small glomerulus |
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which species can be either freshwater or saltwater?
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euryhaline
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what characteristic unites placoderms and chondrichtheyes?
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optical pedicel
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what characteristic unites the actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, and acanthodii?
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terminal mouth, operculum
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which eras are placoderms found?
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silurian-carboniferous
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describe the placoderms
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heavily armored body, joint between head and trunk, true jaws with bony cutting edges, heterocercal tail, huge, bottom dwellers in swallow water
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name two placoderms and which era they are found in
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antiarchs and arthrodires; devonian
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describe the movement of the antiarchs
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punting near bottom with bony pectoral fin
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which of the placoderms were the most diverse?
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arthrodires(huge!!!)
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what did the nuchal gap do for the arthrodires?
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greater head movement and a more forceful bite
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what are the subclades of the chodrichthyes?
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chimeras and ratfish (holocephali), sharks and batoids (elasmobrachii)
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when did chondrichthyes first show up?
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devonian
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name the chondrichthian synapomorphies
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1. cartilaginous skeleton
2. claspers 3. placoid scales (as opposed to ostrocoderm) 4. vertebral centra elaborated (decreased notochord) 5. continuous tooth replacement |
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name the evolutionary trends in shark morphology
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1. pectoral fins go from broad attachment and still radials to narrow attachment and flexible ceratotriichia
2. tail becomes more heterocercal 3. mouth position moves from front to under snout 4. teeth move from cladodont to more diverse and modern shapes 5. jaw is no longer attached to the braincase by bone (now ligament) and attached to the hyomandibula (amphistylic --> hyostylic) |
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what is the order of sensing prey detection in sharks?
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1. olfaction
2. lateral line 3. vision 4. tactile 5. electroreception |
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are sharks k-selective or r-selective?
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k-selective
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what are the synapomorphies of batoids?
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1. flat bodies
2. ventral gills 3. dorsal spiracles 4. durology (eat hard shelled prey) |
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how do stingrays swim?
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undulation- pass waves along pectoral fins
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how do cownose rays swim?
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oscillation- flap pectoral fins
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what is different about the holocephalans' operculum?
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it is fleshy instead of bony
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what kind of jaw does the holocephalans have?
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autostyly
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how does the tail of the holocephalans differ than that of sharks?
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diphycercal- vertebral column between 2 equally sized lobes
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what is the sister taxon to the osteichthyes?
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acanthodians (early silurian-early permian
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what are the acanthodians known as?
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the spiny sharks
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what are the synapomorphies of the osteichthyes?
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1. lungs/swim bladder
2. lepidotrichia (bony ray supports in fins) |
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what is the synapomorphy of the actinopterigii?
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single dorsal fin tending to form into teleost bauplan
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name the different actinopterigii.
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polypteriformes (birchirs). chondrostei (sturgeon, paddlefish), lepisosteidae (gars), amiidae (bowfin), teleostii
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describe the polypteriformes?
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birchirs; obligate air breathers, most basal, native to africa, ganoid scales covered in shiny enamel
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describe chondrostei
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sturgeon, paddlefish; heterocercal tail, large rostrum, big, spiracle
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describe lepisosteidae and amiidae (neopterygians)
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gars and bowfin; have ganoid scales, less heterocercal tail, medial fins, no spiracle
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describe teleosts
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homocercal tail, increased jaw mobility (mobile premaxilla), lighter scales
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what are the advantages of jaw protrusion?
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catch food far away, increased volume inside the head --> increased suction
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what is ram feeding?
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swim to prey and engulf it whole in the mouth
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describe suction?
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draw water into mouth with food; flare opercula laterally-->increase volume --> decreased pressure --> suction
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what kind of scales does the teleosts have?
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cycloid -smooth exposed rear edge
ctenoid- serrated exposed rear edge |
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what do fish produce to exert a force on water?
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vortices
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describe the swimming and body structure of the angulliform.
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undulation; uses more of itself for swimming; most teleosts
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describe the swimming and body structure of the carangiform
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less than 50% of the body undulates
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describe the swimming and body structure of the ostracaform
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tail only oscillates back and forth
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describe the structure of cruisers
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narrow tail base (caudal peduncle)(less drag) and crescent tail fin with widely spaced tips (large vortex ring and greater force)
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give an example of a cruiser?
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lookdown
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describe burst swimmers
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broad caudal penduncle with more muscle mass --> good for starting from a dead stop (sailfin molly)
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what are the white muscle fibers in the muscles of fish?
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fast glycolytic; uses anaerobic respiration, thick fibers, no fat, no myoglobin, good for sudden bursts of action; majority of muscle
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what are the red muscle fibers in the muscles of fish?
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slow oxidative; uses aerobic respiration, thin fibers, fat, myoglobin, good for slow sustained activity; less of the muscle
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what are the evolutionary changes in the digestive system from lampreys to chondrichthyians to actinopterygians
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lampreys- no stomach, spiral valve
chondrichthyians- stomach and spiral valve actinopterygians- stomach but no spiral valve(tubular coiled intestine instead) |
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what are the primitive features of all fishes?
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immobile tongue, no chewing, few to no oral digestive glands
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describe the path of the actinopterygian circulatory system
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venous blood-->sinus venosus-->atrium-->valve-->ventricle--> valve-->conus arteriosis-->ventral aorta
-->gills-->dorsal aorta-->body |
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what is the anal fin of the actinopterygians used in internal fertilization?
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gonopodium
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freshwater vs. saltwater reproduction
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fresh- eggs more likely to get swept away-->larger denser eggs, eggs attached to the bottom of nests, parents sometimes guard nests
salt- smaller buoyant eggs, larvae hatch near surface |
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what are the evolutionary trends in teolosts
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Pectoral fins shift up to midline, pelvics move forwards
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name all the surviving sarcopterygians
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actinisitia, dipnoi, tetrapods
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why is actinistia (ceolocanths) considered living fossils? describe body plan
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little has changed since first fossils have been found; all fins lobed except first dorsal, posterior tassel on midline axis, give birth to live pups, marine, pectoral and pelvic fins move in alternating pattern
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what unites the tetrapods?
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share a coana (internal nostril)
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