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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do plasma proteins do?
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They play a role in exerting an osmotic pressure that favors the absorption of extracellular fluid into capillaries.
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What are the 3 broad groups of plasma proteins?
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albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen (-->functions in clotting).
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What is serum?
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Serum is plasma without any clotting proteins (as a result of clotting).
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What is plasma?
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Plasma is the liquid component of blood.
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What is contained in plasma?
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-Proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen)
-nutrients -metabolic end products -hormones -inorganic electrolytes |
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Where are plasma proteins synthesized?
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In the liver
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Which is the most abundant of the three plasma protein groups?
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albumin
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How do mineral electrolytes differ from plasma proteins?
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-they contribute less to the weight of plasma
-The have higher molar concentrations (more molecules per unit volume) .aka there are more ions than protein molecules but the protein molecules are much larger (and weigh more) than the very tiny, but abundant, ions |
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What are the types of blood cells?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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Where are blood cells found?
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suspended in plasma
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What is hemoglobin?
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an oxygen-binding protein
*oxygen binds to the iron in hemoglobin |
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Which blood cell type makes up more than 99% of blood cells?
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erythrocytes
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What do erythrocytes contain?
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hemoglobin
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Where are erythrocytes produced?
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in the bone marrow
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Where are erythrocytes destroyed?
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in the spleen and liver
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What vitamins and minerals are essential for erythrocyte formation?
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Iron, folic acid, and vitamin B-12
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Where is the hormone erythropoietin produced?
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in the kidneys
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What is erythropoietin produced in response to?
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low oxygen supply
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What does the hormone erythropoietin do?
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stimulates erythrocyte differentiation and production by the bone marrow
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What are the 3 types of leukocytes?
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granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes
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What are the 3 classes of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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What are platelets?
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cell fragments essential for blood clotting
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What are blood cells descended from?
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stem cells in the bone marrow
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What controls the production of blood cells?
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hematopoietic growth factors
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What is the major function of erythrocytes?
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to carry oxygen (taken in by the lungs) and carbon dioxide (produced by the cells)
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What is the average concentration of hemoglobin in WOMEN?
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14g/100ml
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What is the average concentration of hemoglobin in MEN?
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16g/100ml
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What is the shape of erythrocytes?
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a biconcave disk
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What gives erythrocytes a high sruface area-to-volume ratio?
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their biconcave disk shape and their small size (7um diameter)
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What does a high surface area-to-volume ratio do for the erythrocytes?
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it allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse rapidly to and from the interior of the cell
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What causes blood type?
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The specific polysaccharides and proteins on the erythrocyte plasma membrane
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what do erythrocyte precursors ultimately lose?
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their nuclei and organelles. young erythrocytes also lose their ribosomes to become mature
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what is another name for young erythrocytes?
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reticulocytes
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Because erythrocytes lack nuclei and most organelles...
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...they can neither reproduce themselves nor maintain normal structure for very long.
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What is the average life span of an erythrocyte?
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120 days
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How many erythrocytes are replaced each day?
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250 billion
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What is the major breakdown product of hemoglobin?
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bilirubin
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What does bilirubin do in connection to the color of plasma?
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it gives plasma its characteristic yellowish color
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What does iron deficiency cause?
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inadequate hemoglobin production
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What is hemochromatosis?
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an excess of iron in the blood.
(this has serious toxic side effects) |
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Where does homeostatic control of iron balance reside?
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in the intestinal epithelium
(actively absorbing iron from ingested food) |
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The more iron in the body...
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...the less ingested iron absorbed
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What protein stores iron?
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ferritin
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Where is ferritin found?
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in the liver
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What percent of total body iron is in hemoglobin?
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50%
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What percent of total body iron is in cytochromes/other heme-containing proteins in the body?
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25%
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What percent of total body iron is in ferritin?
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25%
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What happens to the iron in old erythrocytes when these erythrocytes are destroyed?
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it is released into the plasma and bound to the iron-transport protein transferrin
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What is transferrin?
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an iron-transport plasma protein that delivers iron to the bone marrow to be incorporated into new erythrocytes
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What is folic acid required for?
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synthesis of thymine --> formation of DNA --> normal cell division
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What is vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) required for?
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the action of folic acid
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What does vitamin B-12 deficiency cause?
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(resulting erythrocyte deficiency =) pernicious anemia
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What causes iron deficiency anemia?
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dietary deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia), or folic acid
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what is the cause of sickle-cell anemia?
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excessive destruction of erythrocytes
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what are 3 other major causes of anemia?
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-bone marrow failure due to toxic drugs or cancer
-hemorrhage (blood loss from the body) leading to iron deficiency -inadequate secretion of erythropoietin in kidney disease |
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what is thalassemia?
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defective globin synthesis
(normal peptides, abnormal amounts. Cooley's anemia.) |
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What is anemia?
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decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
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what is thrombocytopenia?
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low platelet count
little bits of blood leak from every capillary. If untreated, will die of cerebral hemorrhage/internal blood loss. |
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what's the normal pH of blood?
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7.3-7.5
<7.3 - acidosis >7.5 = alkalosis |
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osmotic pressure of blood?
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-0.9% NaCl (normal saliva)
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what % of blood is plasma, and what % is cellular formed elements?
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55% plasma
45% cellular formed elements |
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how many g/ml plasma proteins are there?
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5-8g/100ml
critical for osmotic balance |
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what is the viscosity of blood?
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~5x that of Oxygen
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what does hemolitic mean?
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ruptured red blood cells. Plasma off color (very yellow) because it contains the ruptured erythrocytesd
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what shape are unstimulated platelets?
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discus shaped
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what are the respective functions of RBCs and WBCs?
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RBCs = oxygen transport and CO2 transport
WBCs = scavengers and immune system functions |
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What is hematopoiesis?
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production of all elements of the blood
2 cell lines: lymphoid (lymphocytes) and myeloid (erythrocytres, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes-->make platelets) |
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what is the total surface area of erythrocytes?
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1600x total body surface area (huge)
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what factors stimulate blood cell production?
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-Interleukin-3 from T cells
-granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor from T-cells -granulocyte colony stimulating factor fropm monocytes -macrophage colony stimulating factor from monocytes -erythropoietin from renal cells -thrombopoietin from renal, hepatic and marrow stroma |
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How is hemoglobin synthesized?
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-synthesis of 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains and 4 heme groups = one molecule of Hb
-globin chains coded on separeate chromosomes (alpha on 16, beta on 11) -erythropoietin stimulates amino acids incorporated into both chains and iron incorporated into heme |
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What are hemoglobinpathies?
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abnormal polypeptides (ex. sickling trait)
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WHat are porphyrias?
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disprders of heme snythesis (disrupt porphyrn ring)
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How is IL-3 important for erythropoiesis?
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IL-3 needs to be around to convert stem cells to erythropoiesis cells
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what does an aggregometer show with regards to platelet activity in response to collagen?
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it jumps up very high, way above 1 ag
ADP 1 micromolar only shows a small curve 0-1 ag ADP 15 micromolar shows the same response as to collagen but the rising line is much thicker |
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what is the general scheme of hemostasis???
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damage to vascular endothelium--> platelet aggregation (loose clot)-->(thrombin generated)-->tight platelet aggregation (definitive clot)--> (fibrinolysin generated)--> clot lysis
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what helps a loose fibrin clot become a tight fibrin clot?
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Factor XIIIa
also, fibrinogen---> fibrin through THROMBIN |
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what is prostacyclin?
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part of the arachidonic cascade, it is a potent inhibitor of the clooting process (aks PGI2)
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what is fibrinolysis?
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clot dissolution
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how does Antithrombin III work?
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It binds to heparin, a substance present on the surface of endothelial cells, and prevents the spread of a clot by rapidly inactiviating clotting factirs that are carried away from the immediate site of the clot by flowing blood.
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what is the fibrinolytic system and how does it work?
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It removes clots. Plasminogen is activated by tissue plasminogen activator binding to fibrin, it forms plasmin, which digests fibrin and dissolves the clot.
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How does acetylsalycilic acid (aspirin) prevent heart attacks?
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thins blood by inhibiting prostoglandin synthesis (so no thrombin synthesis which produces platelets for clotting)
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what are the procoagulent actions of thrombin?
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-cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin
-activates clotting factors XI, VIII, V, and XIII -stimulates platelet aggregation |
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what are the anticoagulent actions of thrombin?
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activates protein C which inactivates clotting factors VIIIa and Va
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