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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two components of the skin?
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Epidermis and Dermis
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What germ tissue is epidermis derived from?
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Ectoderm
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What germ tissue is dermis derived from?
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Mesoderm
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What tissue connects the skin to muscle?
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Hypodermis of areolar CT and adipose tissue
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What is the largest organ in the human body?
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Skin
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Which part of the mesoderm gives rise to somites?
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Epimere
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What are the 3 parts of a somite?
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Sclerotome, Myotome, Dermatome
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What does the sclerotome give rise to?
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Vertebrae
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What does the dermatome give rise to?
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Dermis
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What does the myotome give rise to?
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Muscle
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What do dermal born and osteoderms form out of?
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Dermis
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What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of?
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Stratified sqaumous epithelium
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In which layer of the epidermis does cellular reproduction typically occur?
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Stratum germinativum
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What are chromatophores and what do they form out of?
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Form pigment cells and form from Neural crest cells
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Are collagen fibers arranged more randomly in terrestrial or aquatic vertebrates, and why?
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Terrestrials; In fish, it would interfere with water flow?
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What substance is present in the stratum corneum that helps make this layer especially protective?
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Keratin
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What are scales?
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Folds in integument, either epidermal or dermal
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Describe the integument of most living fish?
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Mucus covered and living outer layer
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Describe the scales of ostracoderms and placoderms?
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Dermal armor broken into dermal scales
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What are 5 types of scales in fish?
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1. Ganoid 2.Placoid 3.Cycloid 4. Ctenoid 5. Cosmoid
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What are shark scales?
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Placoid
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What are gar scales?
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Ganoid
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What are extinct sarcopterygian scales?
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Cosmoid
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What are the two kinds of scales found in teleost fish?
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Cycloid and Ctenoid
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What is absent from placoid scales that is present in ganoid and cosmoid scales
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Dermal bone
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What 3 things are present in a ganoid scale?
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Ganoin, No dentin, single or double layer of bone
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What was the dentin in cosmoid scales originally called?
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???
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What 2 things are present in a ganoid scales?
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Enamel and Dermal elements
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What layer found in cosmoid scales is missing?
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Dentin
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Ganoin is the same as what?
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Enamel
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What single thing are cycloid and ctenoid scales composed of?
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Acellular non-calcified bone
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What is the major difference between cylcoid and ctenoid scales?
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Ctenoid: Toothlike projections
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What unusual modification occurs in the skin of some amphibians that make it a more efficient respiratory structure?
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Capillary beds in dermis that extend into epidermis
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Is epithelial tissue usually vascular?
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No
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What are the only amphibians with scales? Do they have many scales?
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Caecilians, no
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What are two changes that commonly occur in the skin of amphibians when they undergo metamorphosis
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Greater differentation of epidermal layers.
??? |
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What are two types of glands often found in amphibians?
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Mucus and Poison
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How is reptile skin adapted to a terrestrial existence?
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Highly keratinized
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How do reptile scales differ from other scales we have discussed?
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Epidermal scales with no dermal contribution.
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Where is dermal bone found in reptiles?
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Gastralia (ab ribs), Carapace (outer shell), Plastron (belly)
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What is ecdysis?
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Skin shedding
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Are feathers dermal or epidermal?
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Epidermal
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What are pterylae?
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Where feathers grow from (naked in between feathers)
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Know parts of feather: Calamus, rachis, canes, barbs, barbules.
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Calamus- Bottom, Rachis- middle, Vane- attatch to rachis, Barbs- Make up vane, Barbules- Interlockers of barbs
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What are two specialized glands present in the skin of birds and what is the function of each?
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Salt gland- Excrete excess salt
Uropygial gland- Waxy oil for feathers |
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What is extremely unusual about the secretions of the uropygial gland in the pitohui?
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Toxic
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What are two sources of color in feathers?
What is the difference in the two types? What produces pigment? |
Structure or pigment.
Structure- Light refraction Pigment- from chromatophores |
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40. Explain how feathers may have evolved. Include information of two opposing theories of the selective forces favoring their evolution. What is your opinion non these two theories?
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Scales through elongation and fringing.
1. Feathers evolved as thermoregulation help 2. Feathers evolved as flight aid |
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What is another name for fur?
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Pelage
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Two types of hair in mammals?
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Underfur, Gaurd hairs
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Proper name for whiskers?
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Vissabrae
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What are arrector pili muscles? What are two functions of these muscles?
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Smooth muscle at base of hair.
1. Thermoregulation 2. Display a threat |
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What are porcupine quills?
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Modified hairs
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What are the two major types of glands present in humans?
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Sebaceous and Sweat glands
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What do sebaceous glands secrete?
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Oily sebum
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Two glands probably derived from sebaceous glands?
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1. Ceruminous gland (wax) and Meibomian gland of eyelid (film)
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Two kinds of sweat glands and how they differ?
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Temperature regulation- Thin secretion
Body odor- Viscous secretion |
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Two glands that probably are derived from sweat glands?
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Mammary glands and Scent glands
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The ridge along which mammary glands form is called what?
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Ectodermal mammary ridges
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Secretions of mammary glands were initially important in what?
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Enhancing immune system in young
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What are nails, claws, talons and hooves formed from?
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Cornified keritanized epithelial tissue
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What is the only family to have true antlers? Common name?
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Cerivdae. Deer, Elk, Moose
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What are true antlers formed from and what are they covered with?
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Bone, layer of skin
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Are true antlers shed, how often?
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Yes, annually
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What is 'velvet' composed of and function?
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Living epidermis, nourishes the growing bone
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What gland stimulated development of antlers?
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Pituary gland
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What gland causes this gland to stop secreting hormones?
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Testicular gland
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When are antlers shed and what causes this?
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In winter. Hormones weaken the antlers.
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What is the function lof antlers?
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Attracting a mate
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What family possesses true horns? What is in this family?
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Bovidae (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Wildebeest)
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What two things make up a true horn? Are they shed?
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Bone covered in horny epidermis. Not shed.
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What are proghorn horns?
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Forked horns, horny epidermis, shed annually
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What are giraffe horns?
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Ossified knobs from skull processes, covered with non-keritanized, living epidermis.
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What are rhino horns?
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Completely epidermal and keritanized
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What is baleen? Who has it? Function?
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Set of plate-like structures in the mouths. Mysticete whales. Sifts food.
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