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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are characteristic of chordates? |
Bilaterally symmetrical Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Mouth Pharyngeal slits or clefts Anus Post-anal tail Muscle segments |
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What are 4 key characteristics of chordates in embryonic development? |
Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail |
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What are the subphyla of Chordata? |
Tunicates -Invertebrates Lancelets - Invertebrates Vertebrate |
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How many species of vertebrate Chordata are there? |
57,000 - huge diversity |
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What are the chordate characteristics of lancelets? |
Apparent in larvae + adult Phalangeal slits - feeding Motile |
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What are the characteristics of lancelets? |
Cirri Mouth Pharyngeal slits Atrium Digestive tract Atriopore Segmental muscle Anus Tail Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Notochord |
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What are the chordate characteristics of tunicates? |
Most apparent in larvae Many lost in adults Phalangeal slits - respiration, feeding |
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What are the physical characteristics of tunicates? |
Notochord Tail Muscle segments Intestine Stomach Atrium Pharynx with slits Incurrent siphon Excurrent siphon Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Notochord |
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What are hagfish + lamprey? |
First vertebrates aquatic Evolved during early Cambrian Lack jaws Rudimentary vertebrae Parasitic or scavengers |
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What were the first jawed vertebrates? |
Fish Evolved by 444 mya Also possessed 2 pairs of fins ( pectoral + caudal) |
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What are the two major groups of living fish? |
Cartilaginous Bony |
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How many living species of cartilaginous fish are there? |
Less than 1,000 |
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What are the types of cartilaginous fish? |
Sharks Rays |
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What are sharks? |
Suspension feeders + predators Streamlined Good sensory systems Lateral line system |
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What are rays? |
Bottom dwellers Eat molluscs + crustaceans Enlarged pectoral fins |
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How many species of bony fish are there? |
31,900 - largest group of vertebrates |
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What are bony fish? |
Marine + freshwater Skeleton reinforced by calcium Lateral line system, good sense of smell + eyesight Operculum covering gills Swim bladder - buoyancy Ray-finned + lobe-finned |
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What was the fish move to land? |
Lobe-finned fish -> early amphibians Almost 365 mya Lead to new forms of animals - tetrapods Four limbs + digits - other changes in form |
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How many species of amphibians are there? |
6150 species |
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What are amphibians? |
Evolved from fish with lungs Skin is second respiratory surface Skeletal + muscle support strong enough |
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What are the types of amphibians? |
Frogs Salamanders Caecilians |
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What are frogs? |
Limb specialised - suited for specific locomotion Poison + colouration to avoid predators |
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What are salamanders? |
Can be entirely aquatic or terrestrial Limbs right angle to body |
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What are caecilians? |
Legless + nearly blind |
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Why are most amphibians tied to water? |
Eggs dry out quickly in air |
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How do amphibians start out? |
Start as larvae using gills Caecilians + salamanders less of a transformation |
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Why are adult amphibians most abundant in moist habitats? |
Depend on moist skin to supplement long function |
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What animals are amniotes? |
Reptiles Birds Mammals |
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What are amniotic eggs? |
Internal fertilisation Fibrous shell membrane - gas exchange Extra-embryonic membranes - waste management Compartment of fluid = self-contained pond Shell - reduces dehydration Control of environment |
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What are the additional adaptations for reptile terrestrial life? |
No larvae Waterproof skin Keratinous scale - protection + protection against water loss Use rib cage to ventilate lungs |
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How many living species of reptile are there? |
8,734 More common in Mesozoic era Existing reptiles belong to 4/12 lines that have existed |
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What are ectotherms? |
Cold blooded Regulate body temp through behavioural mechanisms Lizard can survive on 10% of the calories of a mammal of equal size |
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Where do birds evolve from? |
Small two-legged dinosaurs |
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How many species of birds are there? |
10,000 species |
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What are characteristics of birds? |
Endotherms Feathers Calcified amniote egg High investment in parental care |
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What are endotherms? |
Warm-blooded animals |
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What service to feathers provide? |
Insulation Fligth + display |
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What adaptations do birds have? |
Wings + feathers Bones - honeycomb structure Lack of teeth Small gonads/One ovary Enhanced sight Visual + motor areas of brain well development |
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What allows birds to fly? |
Large expenditure of energy + active metabolism Powerful breast (pectoral) muscles Keel extension on sternum Wings act as aerofoils Some adapted for soaring Hummingbirds - unique wing joint |
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What are the advantages of flight? |
Enhanced scavenging + hunting Escape from predators Ability to exploit more niches Ability to migrate |
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Why can't ostriches + kiwi fly? |
Reduced pectoral muscles Flattened sternum |
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When did mammals first evolve? |
200 mya Started as small nocturnal insect eaters Much more diverse after fall of dinosaur |
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How many species of mammals are there? |
5,300 species, most terrestrial 1,000 species of bat 80 species are totally aquatic |
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What are the two distinctive features of mammals? |
Hair - insulation, maintains constant internal temperature Mammary glands - production of milk to nourish young |
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What are some features of mammals? |
Hair Mammary glands Endothermic with high metabolic rate Large brain relative to size Differentiated teeth Long parental care |
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What are the major groups of mammal? |
Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians |
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What are monotremes? |
Egg-laying mammals Have hair Produce milk (glands on belly) Found in Australia + New Guinea |
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What are marsupials? |
Pouched mammals Brief gestation Australasia, North + South America |
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What is brief gestation? |
Give birth to small live young Completes development during nursing Nurse young in external pouch Presence of nipples |
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What are examples of monotremes? |
Duck-billed platypus Echidna |
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What are examples of marsupials? |
Kangaroo Koala Opossum |
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How many of mammals are placental mammals? |
95% |
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What is reproduction in eutherians? |
Long gestation Presence of placenta High investment in parental care - survival skills |
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darn |
nation |
