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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phylum Chordata includes which subphyla
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Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals)
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Traditional systematics (evolutionary systematics)
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developed in an attempt to order and classify the large number of species being described.
ex. kingdom, phylum, class |
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phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
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scientists try to classify organisms based upon evolutionary relationships
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cladograms
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the trees of evolution
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clades
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the branches are always dichotomous with each branch representing divergence
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monophyletic
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a grouping that consists of an ancestral species and all of it's descendants
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Archosauria include which animals?
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include crocodiles and alligators, dinosaurs, and birds
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Why might two systems generate different trees?
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b/c scientsits rank the importance of the characteristics differently.
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derived characters
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newl acquired characters, distinct from ancestral characters
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How can there still be different cladograms with same data?
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it depends upon how the scientist weigh each parameter.
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What are considered in constructing the tree? There are 5
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ecology, behavior, physiology, morphology and DNA sequence
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How does adaptation lead to function?
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it enchances evolutionary fitness and that arose historically as a result of natural selection for its current biological role
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Diversity
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refers to the number of species within a specific lineage (e.g. vertebrates, or primates, or the genus Homo)
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disparity
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refers to the range of anatomical structural variation (e.g. body shape, or brain complexity)
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convergent evolution
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fromation of structures that have similar function.
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homologous evolution
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eventual fomration of structures from similar developmental structures. final outcome may be drastically different in the organisms being examined.
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What four characteristics set Chordata aprt from other phyla?
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1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. postanal tail always found in embryo |
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What other feautres associates with chordate?
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enlarged sense organs, closed circulatory system with a ventral heart, cartilaginous endoskeleton, and segmented striated muscles
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When did Chordate first appear?
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Cambrian period about 550 million years ago
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What common characteristic is shared by all members of the chordata gropu?
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semi-rigid, rod like structure of vacuolated cells acts as skeletal axis for support of the body. All chordates have notochord at some time during their life
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What ancestral feautres did chordata inhereit?
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3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, well developed coelom, filter feeding, complete digestive tract, aand segmented body
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Whats the subphylum of Chordata?
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Urochordata - filter feeding
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paedomorphosis
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tunicate larvae capable of reproducing
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What is differenat about Vertebrates than Chordata
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have same features except notochord is replaced by vertebrae. Another is the brain.
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What other features do vertebrates have?
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Heart, cranium, and lateral line system (sense pressure changes/movement in water)
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What forms the unique endoskeleton of the vertebrates?
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carnium, visceral arches, limb girdles, and four jointed appendages
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When did the endoskeleton first appear?
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500 million years ago Ordovician period
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functions of fins
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used for mtion, brakes, and tilting rudders
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lateral line system
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perceives water currents and vibration
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suction feeding
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draws water and prey in mouth for ingestion then goes to gills
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ostracoderms
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oldest undisputed vertebrates-small, heavily armored jawless fish with an expanded armored head with typical sense organs and a gill chamber.
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What has been the major driving force for evolution?
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the JAW
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What benefits does the jaw give?
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take in large prey quickly, can penetrate well armored prey. incrase metabolism rates, increase growth and levels of activity
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Agnatha
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jawless fish
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Gnathostomata
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jawed fish
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Hagfish
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bottom dwellers, somewhat lethargic, scavengers in the adult state. resemble eel. larvae filter feeders.
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name three classes that are jawed fishes
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placoderms, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
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2 classes of gnathostomes
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Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
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name animals in Chondrichthyes
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sharks, skates and rays.
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When did Chondrichthyes appear?
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450 million
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8 general traits of chondrichtyes
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1. body fusiform (spindle shaped)
2. ventral jaws with teeth from modified skin. loosely bound 3. skin with placoid sscales (denticles) 4. endoskeleton of cartilage; notochord persistent, vertebrae complete and separate 5. swim bladder absent; fatty acid in liver 6. respiration 5-7 gills 7. two-chambered heart 8. osmoregulation retention of nitrogenous wastes in blood |
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Osteichthyes
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bony fish.
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What major unique feature in all osteichthyans? two other major innovations?
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ossified endoskeleton
lungs, and red bone marrow |
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Actinopterygia
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ray-finned fish. (fish)
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teleosts
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marlins, perch, tuna
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initially what were swin bladders used for?
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respiration
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Sarcopterygia
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lobe-finned, or fleshy finned fish.
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Why is sarcopterygia important ?
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gave rise to first terrestrial vertebrates (tretrapods)
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Name 2 examples of living sarcopterygia
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coelacanth (Actinistia) and lungfish (Dipnoi)
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when was first sarcopterygians known?
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400 million years ago Devonian period
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euryhaline
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can live in either fresh or seawater
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what are two main groups of tetrapods?
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amphibia and amniota
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Tetrapods unique features?
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fingers and toes; interlocking, stiffend vertebral column, hinged well msucled limbs; loss of dorsal fins; head and shoulder separated by neck; tongue; nostrils open into mmouth, loss of lateral line system, and a three chambered heart
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What three extant orders are there in Class Amphibia?
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Urodela (newts and salamanders), anura (frogs and toads), and Gymnophiona (caecilians)
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Where are Urodela found?
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almost all temperate and tropical regions
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Hyla
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smaller frogs
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gymnophiona
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limbless, burrowing/aquatic amphibians. bodies elongate, sensory tentacles on their head, skull often fused into fairly solid capsul
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Amniota
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vertebrates possess a true amniotic egg with a shell and three extra embryonic membranes (chorian, amnion, and allantois)
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what are the three extraembryonic membranes?
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chorion, amnion, allantois
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What were the amniote scales composed of in the Amniota?
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keratin
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