Vertebrate Dermatocranium, Chondrocranium, And Visceral Skeleton

Front 1

Importance of Cranial Skeleton......

Back 1

supports the jaws, or gills of fish, supports and protects the brain

Front 2

Visceral Skeleton

Back 2

in fish provides gill supports (branchial arches), makes up the pharyngeal supports in land vertebrates

Front 3

the first branchial arch in jawless fish evolved into....

Back 3

jaws of the first gnathostomes

Front 4

the branchial arch two serves as what in gnathostomes

Back 4

jaw supports

Front 5

In reptiles the hyomandibula becomes.......
The quabrate moves towards the exterior and .....

Back 5

the columella of the inner ear
......
serves as the articulation point for the jaws

Front 6

In mammals the malleus and the incus form from the.....

Back 6

quadrate and articular bones which entered the inner ear during mammalian evolution

Front 7

In mammals the columella changes shape to become the....

Back 7

stapes

Front 8

The dentary bone or lower jaw articulates with this in mammals

Back 8

squamosal bone

Front 9

Remaining arches in mammals form support for

Back 9

larynx, pharynx, and tongue

Front 10

is formed by an outgrowth of the first brancial arch in embryos, forms the upper jaw

Back 10

palatoquadrate cartilage

Front 11

is formed by the first arch (mandibular arch) forms the lower jaw

Back 11

Meckel's Cartilage

Front 12

forms the hyomandibula, and supports for the tongue

Back 12

hyoid arch

Front 13

Branchial arches 3 and up form the...... in fish, and throat supports in land animals

Back 13

gill arches

Front 14

In fish the.....suspends the jaws

Back 14

hyoid arch (hyomandibular arch)

Front 15

In reptiles the......fuses with the dermatocranium and is not connected to the hyoid arch

Back 15

quadrate bone, hyomadibular arch in fish is now part of the inner ear

Front 16

In tetrapods branchial arches form this instead of gill supports in fish

Back 16

support for the tongue, larynx (hyoid apparatus), and carilaginous rings within the larynx

Front 17

Functional changes concerning branchial arches from fish to tetrapods

Back 17

gills are no longer needed, arches form support for feeding and breathing on land

Front 18

These arches were lost and are not even present in modern day amniotes (are present in some amphibians)

Back 18

Branchial arches 5-7

Front 19

Forms from four pair of cartilages, forms the case for the brain

Back 19

Chondrochranium

Front 20

Forms the floor of the brain....

Back 20

ethmoid and basal plates

Front 21

forms the capsules around the nasal sacs and inner ears

Back 21

olfactory and otic capsules

Front 22

in all vertebrates excepts chondrichthyes the catilage is replaced with.......

Back 22

endochondral bone

Front 23

Opening through which the spinal cord enters the brain case

Back 23

Foramen magnum

Front 24

articulate with the first cervical bone...what is their location

Back 24

Occipital bones- on either side of the foramen magnum

Front 25

Form within the otic and sometimes olfactory capsules-forms the innerear

Back 25

Otic bones

Front 26

Forms orbits which protects the eyeballs, forms within the walls and floor of the chondrocranium

Back 26

sphenoid bones

Front 27

technically part of the visceral skeleton, the posterior side of the palatoquadrate cartilage fuses to the skull, acts as point of jaw articulation in reptiles and amphibians

Back 27

quadrate bone

Front 28

originates from the ectomesenchyme of the nueral crest, does not go through a cartilage stage

Back 28

Dermatocranium

Front 29

The four parts of the dermatocranium in fish

Back 29

1. roofing bones, cover the sides and roof of chondrocranium
2.bones of the upper jaw
3. primary palate
4. opercular bones (cover the gills)

Front 30

Similarities of fish dermatocranium and labryinthodont

Back 30

roofing bones, opening for parietal eye, and upper jaw bones, primary palate is also similar

Front 31

In reptiles these formed in the dermatocranium to support large jaw muscles

Back 31

temporal fossae

Front 32

In reptiles this formed to seperate food and air pathways

Back 32

secondary palate

Front 33

bones that form the tip of the upper jaw, nasal pits are present here

Back 33

premaxillary bones

Front 34

bones that form the sides of the jaws in tetrapods

Back 34

maxillary bones

Front 35

lies along side of the maxillary bones, makes up the hard palate of the mouth

Back 35

Palantine bones

Front 36

Present in earliest vertebrates, is a blind gut that serves only has an olfactory organ

Back 36

external nares

Front 37

cavity that opens into the mouth cavity, in advanced tetrapods there is a passage and a cavity, allows animals to eat and breathe at the same time

Back 37

internal nares

Front 38

has no fossae, turtles

Back 38

anapsid

Front 39

have two pair of fossae, modern reptiles

Back 39

diapsid

Front 40

has one pair of fossae

Back 40

synapsid

Front 41

Modification in some reptiles of the diapsid skull

Back 41

the bar of the infratemporal fossae has dissapeared leaving the fossae open on the ventral side, allowing the jaws to open wider and snap shut harder

Front 42

upper jaw moves upward independent of the lower jaw..this is known as...

Back 42

cranial kinesis

Front 43

bones of the dermatocranium beneath the chondrochranium form the

Back 43

primary palate

Front 44

dermatacronium of mammals has a more.....shaped roof than reptiles to do what.....

Back 44

dome shaped roof accomadates a larger brain

Front 45

There are.....bones in the mammalian dermatacronium than the reptilian, which ones remain.....

Back 45

less bones, the nasals, frontals, parietals, and squamosals are retained

Front 46

what three bones form the temporal region of the dermatacranium in mammals

Back 46

petrosal bone of chondrocranium, squamous portion of the squamosal bone of the dermatacranium, and the tympanic and mastoid portions of new bones form the inner ear cavity

Front 47

These bones located in the nasal region, work to moisten and warm air as well as containing some olfactory cells

Back 47

Turbinal scrolls

Front 48

the processes of the squamosal and malar bone connect to form this structure along the sides of the face (structure surounds the temporal fossa

Back 48

zygomatic arch

Front 49

In mammals processes from the maxillary bones and palantine bones fuse to form the-

Back 49

secondary palate

Front 50

The mammalian palate is made up of a.....and.....with the .....being first

Back 50

hard and soft palate, the hard palate occurs first