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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biological evolution
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change in allelic frequency
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can we observe allelic changes?
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no
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______ develop....______ evolve
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individuals...populations
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phylogeny
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evolutionary history of a taxon
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phylogenesis
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process that produces evolutionary lines
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ontogeny
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history of an individual from conception to death...highfill getting gray hair
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microevolution
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moths, bird flu
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macroevolution
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large scale evolution of new generas and species owing to mutations due to marked changes in chromosomal pattern...phenotype
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greek philosophy over 2500 years ago
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believed that only creatures with practical characteristics survived to reproduce
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Carl von Linne
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creationist
systematists- binomial nomenclature species are immutable |
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Dr. John lightfoot
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creationist
vice chancellor of cambridge calculated humans dated back to 4004 bc to october 28 at 9 am |
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john baptiste de lamarck
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1.evolutionist
2.hierarchy of species/spontaneous generation 3.inheritance of acquired characteristics 4. need produces change 5. muscles develop to meet need and then are passed on |
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alfred wallace
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1. evolutionist
2. belief based on observations of malay archipalago 3. wrote a paper on evolution and sent it to darwin 4. read an essay on the population of species by malthus and the idea flashed to wallace that the same principle applied to all species |
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charles darwin
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1. evolutionist
2. read principle of population 3. observations on south america and galapagos islands 4. delayed writing his book for 20 years |
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thomas huxley
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1. darwinian evolutionist
2.darwin's bulldog 3. proved owen's archetype theory wrong 4. morphologist |
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vertebrate
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an organism belonging to phylum chordata and subphylum vertebrata
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characteristics of chordates
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1. notochord.
2. pharyngeal slits 3. dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. postanal tail 5. endostyle |
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grand vertebrate design is...
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complex and remarkably precise/ they are products of their evolutionary past and basic structural plan
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evolution
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natural selection
nonrandom differential reproduction of genotypes |
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evolution is a result of...
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interaction of phenotypes with selective forces in the environment ex. black peppered moth: peppered survived then black survived after industrial
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George Cuvier
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1. creationist
2. morphologist 3. believed parts were adapted to perform specific fxns: if part were change function would fail and animal would perish 4. no change and no evolution of species 5. should be considered the father of comparative anatomy |
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richard owen
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1. creationist
2. morphologist 3. believed in immutability of species 4. believed in archetypes: biological blueprint 5. limbs perform different function but all have a common plan: homologies 6. physiological and morphological constraints on animal design |
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lizard leg and dolphin flipper
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homologous
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tongue of salamander and toad
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homology and analogy
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gecko toe and tree frog
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analogous
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sailfish and pelycosaur
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homoplasy
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bird wing vs. bat wing
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homologous
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bat wing s. fly wing
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analogous
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turtle and dolphin flippers
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homologous, analogous, and homoplastic
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insects with wings like leaves
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homoplastic
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ascidean sea squirt
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subphylum urochordata
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lamprey/amphioxus: branchiostomata lancelata
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cephalochordata
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subphylum vertebrata
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superclass agnatha
superclass gnathostomata |
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superclass angatha
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class myxini
class petromyzoniformes class conodonaclass cephalaspidomorpha |
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class myxini
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hagfish: an agnathan
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class petromyzoniformes
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lamprey under agnathan
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class conodona
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conodont element is important index fossil- an agnathan
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class cephalaspidomorpha
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all extinct: ostracoderms= bony fish : an agnathan
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superclas gnathostomata
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evolved along chondrichthyes and teleostomi: classes placodermi chondrichthyes, acanthodii, osteichthyes,
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class placodermi
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plate- skin fishes are all fossils: gnathostomata
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class chondrichthys
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sublclass elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, no gas bladders)
subclass holocephali (chimeras): gnathostomata |
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class acanthodii
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minnow size fish:large spines:thin skin web(fin):dermal armor in head: btw. cartilaginous bony fish: gnathostomata
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class osteichthyes
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small overlapping scales, swim bladder, fin rays, Lepidotrichia: gnathostomata
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subclass actinopterygian
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majority of all fish: under osteichthyes and gnathostomata
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superorder paleonisciformes
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earliest bony fish, fusiform, gannoid scales
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infraclass metatheria
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parched marsupials...kangaroos, oposoms
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order marsupialia
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pouched mammals
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infraclass eutheria
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placentals...true uterus
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order edentate
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anteaters, sloths
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insectivore
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shews moles
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macroscelidea
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elephant shrew
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scandentia
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tree shews
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chiroptera
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bats
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dermoptera
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flying lemurs
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pholidota
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pangolins
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lagomorpha
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pika, rabbits
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rodentia
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mice, rats, beaver
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primates
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lemurs, monkey, humans, gibbons
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carnivora
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cats, dogs, hyaenas, bears, racoons, skunks
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artiodactyla
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pigs, camels, cattle deer, hippos
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perissodactyla
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horses, tapirs, rhinos
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hydracoida
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hydraxes
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cetacean
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whale dophins
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sirenia
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sea cows
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tubulindentata
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ardvarkes
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ungulates
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hooved mammals
1. artiodactyla 2. perissodactyla 3. hydracoida 4. cetacean 5. sirenia 5. tubulindentata |
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class mammalia
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a typeof conodont, cynodonts are a type of therapsid which are part of the synapsied lineage.
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2 major characteristics of mammals
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hair and mammary glands
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Birds outnumber all verts except
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fish
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derived form... and most closely related to...
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diapsids...crocodiles
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birds are an excellent example of ... b/c
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preadaptation b/c didn't evolve feathers to fly
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within the fish the ... and ... appeared first
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jaws and fins
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wht type of fish have been the dominant aquatic vert and since when
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ray finned...mid paleozoic
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fleshy finned fish gave rise to
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land vertebrates...the tetrapods
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chridium
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a muscular limb with well defined joints and digits
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hox genes
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master genes bringing huge change
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induction
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stimulatory effect btw. developing tissues and embryo
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isolecithal
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yolk evenly distributed throughout the ovum
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macrolecithal
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lot of yolk
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meroblastic
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elasmobranchs, teleost fish
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mesenchyme
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loosely associated cels meso in origin
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mesoderm
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middle layer of tissue giving rise to skeleton, internal organs, tissues, and muscles
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mesolecithal
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moderate yolk
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mesomere
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intermediate portion of lateral sheet of mesoderm
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myotome
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undifferentiated embryonic blocks of presumptive muscles
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neural cress cells
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come from ectodermal folds
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neurula stage
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neural tube formed by folding of dermal ectoderm
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neurulation
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process of formingectodermal tube
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ovipositoin
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eggs layed without further nourishment given by mother
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paedomorphosis/neotony
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juvenile characteristics of ancestors appear in adults of descendants
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hox genes
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master genes bringing huge change
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induction
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stimulatory effect btw. developing tissues and embryo
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isolecithal
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yolk evenly distributed throughout the ovum
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macrolecithal
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lot of yolk
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meroblastic
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elasmobranchs, teleost fish
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mesenchyme
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loosely associated cels meso in origin
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mesoderm
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middle layer of tissue giving rise to skeleton, internal organs, tissues, and muscles
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mesolecithal
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moderate yolk
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mesomere
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intermediate portion of lateral sheet of mesoderm
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myotome
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undifferentiated embryonic blocks of presumptive muscles
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neural cress cells
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come from ectodermal folds
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neurula stage
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neural tube formed by folding of dermal ectoderm
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neurulation
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process of formingectodermal tube
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ovipositoin
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eggs layed without further nourishment given by mother
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paedomorphosis/neotony
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juvenile characteristics of ancestors appear in adults of descendants
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hox genes
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master genes bringing huge change
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induction
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stimulatory effect btw. developing tissues and embryo
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isolecithal
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yolk evenly distributed throughout the ovum
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macrolecithal
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lot of yolk
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meroblastic
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elasmobranchs, teleost fish
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mesenchyme
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loosely associated cels meso in origin
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mesoderm
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middle layer of tissue giving rise to skeleton, internal organs, tissues, and muscles
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mesolecithal
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moderate yolk
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mesomere
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intermediate portion of lateral sheet of mesoderm
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myotome
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undifferentiated embryonic blocks of presumptive muscles
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neural cress cells
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come from ectodermal folds
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neurula stage
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neural tube formed by folding of dermal ectoderm
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neurulation
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process of formingectodermal tube
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ovipositoin
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eggs layed without further nourishment given by mother
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paedomorphosis/neotony
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juvenile characteristics of ancestors appear in adults of descendants
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partuition
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act of giving birht viviparity
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peramorphosis
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adult chars of ancestors appear in adult descendants
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placenta
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formed by tissues of fetus and mother forming intimate vascular contact
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scleratome
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cells eith tendency to migrate to many regions of the body
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senescense
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aging/ loss of physical and reproductive ability
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somatic mesoderm
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outerwall of hypomere
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somite
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called pumps
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splanchnopleure
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endodem and mesoderm fushing in gut region in btw. is coelom and d and v emsentary are membrances
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deuterosomes have
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radial cleavage/enterocoelic coelom/mesodermal skeleton/blastopore from anus
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chorion
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ectoderm/somatic meso
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amnion
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ectoderm and somatic mesoderm
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allantois
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endoderm and splanchnic mesoder
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yolk sac
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splanchnic mese and endomesoderm
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respiratory membrane of all except marsupials
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chorion allantois
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ovoviparious
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species have eggs which develop within mother/ but don't get nourishment from her
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