Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 4 distinct curves of the spine? |
-secondary convexity/anterior= cervical and lumbar -primary convexity/posterior= thoracic and sacral |
|
|
How many vertebrae are there? |
33 |
|
|
How many of the vertebrae are true, movable vertebrae? |
24 |
|
|
How many of the vertebrae are false, fused? |
9 sacral and coccygeal regions |
|
|
Where are there many spinal cord problems? |
L4 and L5 |
|
|
What is the first big Potential Site of Entrapment (PSE) learned about? |
all intervertebral foramen, which allow for the passage of the spinal cord |
|
|
What parts of a vertebrae determine what movements will occur there? |
superior and inferior articulating facets, particularly their angles when forming a zagopophyseal jt. |
|
|
What movements can occur at the cervical vertebrae and why? |
-flexion and extension -anterior--> posterior slope of zagopophyseal jt. |
|
|
What movements can occur at the thoracic vertebrae and why? |
-rotation -flexion and extension limited -vertical zagopophyseal jt. |
|
|
What movements can occur at the lumbar vertebrae and why? |
-limits ROM -flexion and extension limited -wrapped/curved zagopophyseal jt. |
|
|
What are the ligaments of the vertebral column? |
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) Ligamentum Flavum Interspinous Ligament Supraspinous Ligament |
|
|
Where does the ALL run and what is it's function in the vertebral column? |
-runs along the anterior and lateral surface of the vertebral bodies from C2-sacrum. -limits excessive extention -supports anterior portion of annulus fibrous *2X stronger than PLL* |
|
|
Where does the PLL run and what is it's function in the vertebral column? |
-runs along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies inside the vertebral canal from C2-sacrum -limits excessive flexion -supports posterior portion of annulus fibrous *thins and weakens as spreads laterally* |
|
|
Where does the ligamentum flavum run and what is it's function in the vertebral column? |
-runs in between adjacent lamina of vertebrae along the posterior surface of the vertebral canal -limits excessive flexion |
|
|
Where does the interspinous ligament run and what is it's function in the vertebral column? |
-only found in lumbar region -runs in between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae -limits excessive flexion |
|
|
Where does the supraspinous ligament run and what is it's function in the vertebral column? |
-runs along the tops of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum -becomes ligamentum nuchae in cervical region -limits excessive flexion *is the 1st ligament to tear in excess flexion to prevent PSE* |
|
|
What is the only ligament of the vertebral column only found in the lumbar region? |
interspinous ligament |
|
|
Why is posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus more common than anterior? |
the PLL is much weaker and does not stretch as laterally at the ALL |
|
|
What does the anterior column contain in the vertebral column? |
-ALL -anterior portion of vertebral bodies |
|
|
What does the middle column contain in the vertebral column? |
-PLL -posterior portion of vertebral bodies |
|
|
What does the posterior column contain in the vertebral column? |
-ligamentum flavum -interspinous ligament (if in L region) -supraspinous ligament -pedicles, facets, vertebral arch of vertebrae |
|
|
What injuries are common in the cervical spine? |
hyperflexion |
|
|
What is anterolisthesis? |
-an unstable spinal injury -typically one vertebrae moves anterior of another -can result in stenosis of spinal canal and intervertebral foramen |
|
|
What kind of joints are the joints in between vertebra? |
-symphysis jt -are cartilaginous |
|
|
Are intervertebral disks vascular or avascular structures? |
-avascular -receive nutrients through diffusion and fluid flow -means structure doesn't heal well |
|
|
What are the 3 components of intervertebral disks? |
-vertebral endplates -nucleus pulposus -annulus fibrous |
|
|
What are the two sheets of hyaline cartilage attached to the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies that have sinusoids to provide nourishment? |
vertebral endplates |
|
|
What is the inner jelly-like mass that acts as a ball bearing during vertebral motion? |
nucleus pulposus |
|
|
What ring surrounds the nucleus pulposus in concentric layers of collagen fibers, oriented in opposite directions, to provide ability to resist compressive force? |
annulus fibrous -posterolateral region is weakest point |
|
|
Is it true that with age and wear and tear the nucleus pulposus dehydrates and shrinks in height? |
Yes, true -in turn weakens the annulus fibrous and can cause fissures/tears |
|
|
In which disk pathology are the endplates the weakest of the 3 components? |
Schmorl's nodes -axial compression can lead to endplate fractures and leakage of the nucleus into the vertebral body -can lead to compression of contents in intervertebral foramen |
|
|
In which disk pathology are the layers of the annulus the weakest of the 3 components? |
Disk prolapse -can lead to bulging or protrusion of nucleus and outer annulus - most occurs in posterolateral direction where PLL and annulus fibrous are weakest |
|
|
What nerves are both sensory and motor nerves, aka mixed nerves? |
Spinal nerves |
|
|
The cell bodies for what neurons are in the gray matter (ventral horn), in the spinal cord? |
MOTOR |
|
|
The cell bodies for what neurons are in the DRG, outside the spinal cord? |
SENSORY |
|
|
Axons for what nerves are outside the CNS? |
All axons, bother PNS and CNS |
