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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
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- Upper extremity and the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
-Lower extremity and pelvic girdle (ilium, pubis, ischium) |
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What is included in the axial skeleton?
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Skull, mandible, hyoid bone, vertebral column sacrum, coccyx, ribs, and sternum
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What are the 4 functions of the vertebral column?
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1) Support skull over the vertical axis
2) Provides attachment for respiratory muscles 3) Provides attachment for muscles of torso movement 4) Protects the spinal cord, thoracic organs, and some abdominal organs from damage |
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What 5 structures make up the vertebral column?
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Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
Thoracic vert (T1-T12) Lumbar (L1-L5) Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) Coccyx (if present is the fusion of 3-5 vert) |
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What age does the sacrum begin to fuse together and when is the fusion complete?
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Begins at age 16-18 and completed by mid-20s
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What age is the fusion of the coccyx completed?
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30
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What two curvatures make up the primary curve of the spine?
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Sacral and thoracic
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When do the primary curves appear?
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in utero (before birth)
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What shape are the primary curvatures?
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Concave anteriorly
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What are the two secondary curves? And their shape?
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Cervical and lumbar. Convex
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What age does the cervical curve appear and why does it appear?
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Around 3 months when the child begins to hold their head upright
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What age does the lumbar curve appear and why?
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Around 6 months when the child begins to sit upright (it further develops at 12 months when bipedal locomotion occurs)
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What causes the various curves to form?
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Differences in the anterior and posterior depths of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
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What is kyphosis and what region of the vertebral column does it affect?
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Increased posterior convexity (hunchback) in the thoracic region
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What is lordosis and what region does it affect?
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Increased anterior convexity (sway back) in the lumbar region
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When is lordosis commonly seen?
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In pregnant women in the 3rd trimester (it is reversible)
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Where are the two curves associated with scoliosis?
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Thoracolumbar (primary) and thoracocervical (secondary) regions
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Why does the thoracocervical curve appear in scoliosis?
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To compensate for the first curve in order to maintain the skull over the vertical axis of the body
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Where is scoliosis visible on the body and what age is it most common?
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The thoracic rib cage, in teenage girls
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What structures between vertebrae form the intervertebral foramen?
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Inferior and Superior Pedicle Notches
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What comes out of the intervertebral foramen?
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Spinal nerves
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The superior and inferior articular facets are considered what TYPE of joint? And specifically called what?
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Synovial joints. Apophyseal or Zygapophyseal.
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The superior and inferior articular facets make possible what movements?
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Flexion, extension, and rotation of spine.
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The thoracic vertebrae contain what structures to articulate with ribs?
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Costal facets
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What two types of ligaments of the vertebral column are there?
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Between vertebral bodies and between vertebral arches
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What are intervertebral discs comprised of?
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A gelatinous core called nucleus pulposus and a fibrous collagen ring called annulus fibrosus.
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What defines intervertebral discs shape and size?
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Vertebral bodies and curvature of the spine
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What ligament is broad and flat on the front side of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs?
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
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What ligaments are found the entire length of the vertebral column?
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Anterior/Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments, and Supraspinous Ligament
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What ligament is quite strong as to prevent “whip-lash”?
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
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Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament and where is it contained?
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It is narrow and flat found on the posterior side of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. Contained within the vertebral canal.
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Ligaments between the vertebral arches include what?
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Supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, intertransverse ligaments
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What kind of structure is the supraspinous ligament and where does it attach?
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A continuous structure attaching to the tips of the spinous processes
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Where is the Supraspinous ligament enlarged, and what is it called here?
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Cervical region, ligamentum nuchae
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What ligaments are interposed between adjacent spinous processes?
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Interspinous ligaments
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Where is the ligamentum flavum located? Why is it yellow? What would happen if we didn’t have it?
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Interposed between adjacent laminae. The yellow color is derived from the elastic fibers which allows it to stretch and recoil. W/o would put pressure on spinal cord
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What ligaments are intertransposed between adjacent transverse processes?
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Intertransverse ligaments
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What are the basic movements of the vertebral column?
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Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
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How are movements of the spine possible? How are these movements limited?
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Due to the compression and distortion of the intervertebral discs. Orientation of the joints between the vertebral arches
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Regional movements possible for the cervical spine?
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Flexion, extension, lateral flexion
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Regional movements possible for the thoracic spine?
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Flexion, extension and lateral flexion but to a limited extent.
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How is free rotation possible in the thoracic spine?
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Due to the alignment of the articular processes on an arc about the axis of rotation
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Regional movements possible for the lumbar spine?
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Flexion, extension and lateral flexion.
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How is movement limited in the lumbar spine?
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Limited by inwardly facing articular processes
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ligamentum nuchae
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spans the distance between the inion of the skull and the spinous process of C7.
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