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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some features of Archaeopteryx?
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• Well-formed flight feathers
• Still has teeth (lost in modern birds) • Hand still has distinct fingers, claws • Feathered tail long (for a bird) • Long legs |
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Why do we believe Archaeopteryx used powered flight?
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• Asymmetric feathers (good for flight).
• Wing as large as modern (weak) fliers. • Some enlargement of sternum (pecs) • Wing shape differs from living gliders • Advanced morphology for upstroke (large acromion, triosseal canal). |
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What is some evidence for 'ground-up' flight development in Archaeopteryx?
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• Ancestors ran & lived on ground
• Some modern birds flap & run to take off. |
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What are ENANTIORNITHINES, and what are some of their features?
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• Many species, long duration lineage (whole Cretaceous)
• Diverse habits: waders, & terrestrial first perching birds • World-wide: China, Spain, Alabama, Argentina, Australia • Growth lines in bones - low metabolism? |
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Modern birds are of Clade ____?
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NEORNITHES.
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What are some features of NEORNITHES?
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• About 9600 living species
• Modern birds all have lost teeth • PALEOGNATHS = flying tinamous + secondarily flightless ratites (ostrich, emu, etc.) • NEOGNATHS—specialized “neognathous” palate, most modern birds |
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What two groups consist PALEOGNATHS?
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• Flying tinamous + flightless “ratites”.
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What are the three major types of NEOGNATHS you should be aware of?
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Chickens & ducks (Galliforms & Anseriforms) basal.
Close relations of (grebes+ loons), penguins, & (pelicans + shearwaters) Passerines most diverse clade (5000+ species) |
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What ARE NOT passerines?
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Woodpeckers, Kingfishers, Mouse birds, Cuckoos, Parrots, Shorebirds, Hawks, Owls, Nighthawks, Hummingbirds, Cranes, Storks, and Doves.
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What structures are used by Clade Pelicaniformes to swim?
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Webbed feet.
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What structures do Clade Podicipediformes (grebes and loons) use to swim?
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Lobed feet.
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What structures do Clade Sphenisciformes (Penguins) use to swim?
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No webbing. Use wings.
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If you were looking for a penguin, where would you go?
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SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
Penguins don't chill with Santa. |
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Name some features of Clade Piciformes (woodpeckers).
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• Zygodactylous feet (for climbing).
• Shock absorbing skull, tongue protrusion. |
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Name some features of Clade Cuculiformes (cuckoos, roadrunners).
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• Roadrunners are fast runners.
• Cuckoos use NEST PARASITISM. - Lays egg in nest of other species, evicting some original eggs. |
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Give two examples of FOSSIL GRUIDS.
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Phorusrachus and Diatryma.
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What is Cranial kinesis (in birds)?
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Cranial kinesis is extra mobility of skull & jaw bones - allows greater range of prey.
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What are two bird specialization for feeding/digestion?
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Crop and Gizzard.
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What is the function of the 'crop' in birds?
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The crop is a holding sac ending esophagus for quickly gathered food, moistens & (sometimes) ferments it.
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What is the function of the 'gizzard' in birds?
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The gizzard is a modified stomach holds swallowed rocks to grind food.
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What are some sensory specializations of birds?
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1) Big eyes
2) Large OPTIC LOBES in brain for processing visual signals. 3) SKULL ASYMMETRY amplifies left/right intensity differences, aiding localization of sounds. |
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What two colors are common in bird courtship displays and how are they maintained?
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Red and Orange are popular.
CAROTENOID molecules obtained through diet. |
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What is Polygyny?
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Males mate with all females in territory with food.
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What is Polyandry?
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Females mate with several males, each controlling a nest site.
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Are birds TSD?
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NO. All birds are Genetically sex determinate.
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What are the chromosomal differences in different bird sexes?
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FEMALES are heterogametic (2 diff sex chromosomes, Z & W - males have ZZ)
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