Vert Bio Lecture 10

Front 1

Name 6 differences between aquatic life and terrestrial life.

Back 1

1) Air is 800x less dense than water.
2) Air 18x less viscous than water.
3) Air has more oxygen than water.
4) Air temperature less stable than water.
5) Sensory mechanisms.
6) NOT surrounded by water!

Front 2

What is the significance of air being 800x less dense than water?

Back 2

• The environment doesn’t support body on land.
• The skeleton has to take over body support.

Front 3

What is the significance of air being 18x less viscous than water?

Back 3

Air flows easier than water, but, as a result, suction feeding is rendered useless.

Front 4

What is the significance of air having more oxygen than water?

Back 4

Respiration becomes less energetically expensive.

Front 5

What is the significance of air temperature being less stable than water?

Back 5

Land vertebrates need to thermoregulate to maintain a somewhat stable body temperature.

Front 6

What is the significance of changing sensory perceptions as an organism moves from an aquatic habitat to a terrestrial habitat?

Back 6

• Sensation of electrical fields are not viable on land.
• Air movement won’t stimulate lateral line system; therefore, it is lost in land vertebrates.

Front 7

What is the significance of not being surrounded by water?

Back 7

• Water loss is a much more relevant problem for terrestrial organisms.
• Means of locomotion must change.

Front 8

What is the purpose of a skeleton in aquatic vertebrates?

Back 8

In water the skeleton serves as an area for muscle attachment, and a means for transmitting forces through body.
NOT REALLY REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN BODY SHAPE.

Front 9

What are 3 modifications to the internal skeleton in land vertebrates?

Back 9

1) Robust Ribs.
2) Changes in girdle attachment.
3) Zygapophyses: facets between vertebrae.

Front 10

What is the significance of robust-ifying of the ribs in terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 10

More robust ribs help support abdominal organs.

Front 11

How is the girdle attachments modified in regards to terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 11

1) Pectoral girdle is detached from skull, increasing the mobility of the head.
2) Limb girdles are firmly attached to vertebral column.

Front 12

What is the significance of Zygapophyses in terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 12

The presence of Zygapophyses help support the body off the ground. (In Actinopterygians, the surfaces of articulate vertebrae are flat).

Front 13

What are the two main consequences of size increase in terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 13

1) Relatively more robust skeleton. (Positive allometry).
2) Less risky and less strenuous activity.

Front 14

How does Newton's Third Law apply to vertebrae biology?

Back 14

To move, animals must exert force on their surrounding environment, which exerts a propulsive reaction force back on animal.
i.e. In water, the vertebrate can use any part of the body to exert force against the water. On land, the vertebrate must make "point contacts" with the ground.

Front 15

How do land animals accommodate their need to use the same structures for locomotion AND support?

Back 15

Land vertebrate limbs use JOINTED SEGMENTS; (the bones are stiff, and the joints allow mobility).

Front 16

From what did terrestrial limbs evolve?

Back 16

Terrestrial limbs evolved from Sarcopterygian fins.

Front 17

How do axial and appendicular muscles differ from aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 17

In land animals, appendicular muscles are more developed than in aquatic verts.
Aquatic verts mainly use axial muscles for locomotion.

Front 18

How does movement from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment affect feeding patterns?

Back 18

1) Ram feeding and biting still viable options.
2) Suction feeding becomes ineffective.
3) Tongue becomes muscular and mobile for food movement and swallowing.
4) Salivary glands in terrestrial vertebrates begin the digestive process.

Front 19

In regards to respiration, what works?

What doesn't?

Back 19

Gills don't work.

Lungs do.

Front 20

Why don't gills work in air?

Back 20

Gills are floppy & delicate. They collapse in air; surface area becomes covered and can’t extract oxygen.

Front 21

How and why do lungs work?

Back 21

Lungs work by muscularly decreasing pressure to bring air in, and increasing pressure to push air out (negative pressure system).

Because air is so much less dense than water, it isn't very energy costly; as a result, it is a viable option to allow bidirectional airflow.

Front 22

How does blood pressure relate to aquatic and terrestrial environments?

Back 22

Higher blood pressure is required on land; blood must be pumped against gravity

Front 23

What are the 2 circulatory systems required for the use of lungs?

Back 23

1) The PULMONARY CIRCUIT delivers blood from the heart to the lungs, then back to the heart.
2) The SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT delivers oxygenated blood from heart to the body, then returns to heart.

Front 24

How does a tubular heart function?

Back 24

A tubular heart pushes blood from the HEART to the GILLS to pick up oxygen, then to the BODY.

Front 25

See Slide 15 Lecture 10

Back 25

Yup. Do that.

Front 26

What are 2 ways that terrestrial vertebrates prevent water loss?

Back 26

1) Skin
2) Urinary Bladder

Front 27

How does terrestrial vertebrate skin prevent water loss?

Back 27

The epidermis is composed of two layers, the deep Stratum Germinativum (living cells), and the exterior Stratum Corneum (dead cells) which contain proteins and lipids to prevent water loss.

Front 28

How does a more developed urinary bladder prevent water loss?

Back 28

The bladder stores urine so it doesn’t drain constantly.

Front 29

What are the avenues for gaining and losing heat?

Back 29

CONVECTION: through air (gain or loss)
CONDUCTION: through ground (gain or loss)
EVAPORATION: through water loss (loss only)
METABOLISM: internally generated (gain only)

Front 30

What is a behavioral way for terrestrial vertebrates to regulate heat?

Back 30

Physically moving from a hot place to a cold place can control heat in a limited fashion (i.e. basking).

Front 31

What is a physiological way from terrestrial vertebrates to regulate heat?

Back 31

DILATION (expansion) or CONSTRICTION of blood vessels are means of heat regulation.

For example, expanding blood vessels close to the surface of the body allows more blood to flow faster; heating up. The warm blood can then travel to the body's core and warm the animal.