Verb

Front 1

DIABELERIE

Back 1

DEVILTRY

Front 2

VATIC

Back 2

vatic
prophetic; oracular.

Front 3

MAUNDER

Back 3

maunder

to speak in a rambling manner.

Front 4

SKULK

Back 4

Skulk

move stealthily.

Front 5

FLOUT

Back 5

"to play the flute."

Front 6

FLOUT

Back 6

Express contempt for something in word or deed.

Front 7

B A L S A M

Back 7

b a l s a m

an aromatic resinous exudate
tree
oil

Front 8

asking God for something --

Back 8

PETITIONARY PRAYERS.

Front 9

LOUCHE

Back 9

"squint-eyed," from Latin luscus, "one-eyed."

Front 10

CLERISY

Back 10

CLERISY
INTELLIGENSIA

Front 11

PRINK

being prinked and coiffed as she prepares for the beauty contest.

Back 11

Prink
primp

dress up

Front 12

DISCOMFIT

Back 12

THWART

she would have been discomfited if no one noticed her.

THWART

Front 13

GADABOUT

Back 13

GADABOUT
"one to rove or go about without purpose or restlessly"

Front 14

CHIMERA

Back 14

CHIMERA
...monster made up of grotesquely incongruous parts.

Front 15

MALVERSATION

Back 15

malversation:
Misconduct, corruption, or extortion in public office.

Front 16

DEMUR

Back 16

DEMUR
To object; to take exception.

Front 17

CLERISY

Back 17

CLERISY

The clerisy of a nation...its learned men, whether poets, or philosophers, or scholars.

INTELLIGENSIA

Front 18

DeMuR

Back 18

DEMUR

de- + morari, "to delay, to loiter," from mora, "a delay."

Front 19

DEMURRER

Back 19

DEMURRER

a demurrer is a formal objection attacking the legal sufficiency of an opponent's pleadings.

Front 20

INTREPID

Back 20

"not" + trepidus, "anxious, disturbed."

Front 21

EXPRESS CONTEMPT

Back 21

FLOUT

Front 22

IMPORTUNATE

Back 22

Troublesomely urgent; overly persistent in request or demand; unreasonably solicitous.
...the most importunate beggar.

Front 23

KVETCH

Back 23

KVETCH

COMPLAIN

Front 24

PURBLIND

Back 24

PURBLIND
VERY BLIND

Front 25

DISHABILLE

Back 25

DISHABILLE
SCANTILY DRESSED

Front 26

BRIO

Back 26

BRIO
VIVACITY

Front 27

PUKKHA

Back 27

PUKKHA
AUTHENTIC

Front 28

PERDURABLE

Back 28

PERDURABLE
VERY DURABLE

Front 29

SNAFFLE

Back 29

snaffle

steal

Front 30

PURLOIN

Back 30

purloin

filch

Front 31

FEY

Back 31

OTHERWORLDLY
fey

Front 32

WRY

Back 32

SARDONIC

wry

Front 33

ARCH

Back 33

arch

affectedly playful

Front 34

APORIA

Back 34

APORIA

rhetorically asking one's hearers what is the best way to approach something.

Where shall I begin?

Front 35

MULCT

Back 35

MULCT


SWINDLE

Front 36

BLACKGAURD

Back 36

BLACKGUARD

black + guard. The term originally referred to the lowest kitchen servants of a court or of a nobleman's

Front 37

PERFORCE

Back 37

Perforce comes from French par force, "by force."

Front 38

FAINEANT

Back 38

noun:
A do-nothing; an idle fellow; a sluggard.

Front 39

BILLET

Back 39

BILLET

Lodging for soldiers.

Front 40

LEGDI

Back 40

GELID

Extremely cold; icy.

Front 41

MULCT

Back 41

swindle...
mulcting the public in a variety of ways.
Latin multa, "a fine."

Front 42

ESCHEW

Back 42

eschew
shun; avoid (as something wrong or distasteful).

Front 43

FAINEANT

noun
adj

Back 43

faineant,
adj:idle; lazy.
noun:A do-nothing.

Front 44

PERFORCE

Back 44

BY FORCE
the error of supposing that, because we are plainly not a race of angels, we must perforce be a race of beasts.

Front 45

PERSPICACITY

Back 45

invincible perspicacity and sophistication.

Front 46

FIDUCIARY

Back 46

He bears the ultimate legal and fiduciary responsibility for the company's performance.

Front 47

SERIATIM

Back 47

Seriatim "row, chain," He thanked them seriatim.
verbatim("word for word")
literatim ("letter for letter").

Front 48

TURPITUDE

Back 48

an era of subversion and moral turpitude.

Front 49

EFY

Back 49

FEY
Beneath a fey manner, his mother was highly competitive.
Old English fæge, "fated to die."

Front 50

SARDONIC

Back 50

"The parties have a theme, lest drinking until we see double gets dull," she writes, with the sardonic edge that makes the book so lively.

Front 51

SERIATIM

Back 51

SERIATIM
he thanked every lady and gentleman, seriatim, for the favour of their company.
verbatim/literatim

Front 52

OBLATION

Back 52

OBLATION
...making each day, in its most conventional aspects an oblation to the absolute.

Front 53

SELF ANTONYMS

Back 53

SELF ANTONYMS

Enjoin
Fast
cleave

Front 54

EVINCE

Back 54

EVINCE: indicate, make evident.
evincere conquer
EVINCIBLE
E VINC IVE
see EVICT

Front 55

CIRCUMAMBIENT

Back 55

CIRCUMAMBIENT

the self owes its form and perhaps its very existence to the circumambient social order.

Front 56

FLORID

Back 56

FLORID
*attacks on the Victorian bourgeoisie were florid in rhetoric, deficient in evidence, and malicious in intent
*florid prose

Front 57

MIS EN EBYME

Back 57

MIS EN ABYME
le procédé qui consiste à répéter (parfois à l'infini) un élément à l'intérieur d'autres éléments similaires au premier.

Front 58

FORLORN

Back 58

FORLORN
OE. forleosan, "to abandon," from for- + leosan, "to lose."

Front 59

RECHERCHE

Back 59

Exotic; rare.
. . . recherche topics interesting only to university specialists.

... recherche ingredients not because of their qualities but their snob value.

...the recherche terminology.

Front 60

TURBID

Back 60

Muddy
turbid water.

Front 61

COMMODIOUS

Back 61

Comfortably spacious
commodious pockets.
his commodious quarters

Front 62

GERMANE

Back 62

Latin germanus, from germen, "a bud, a shoot."

Front 63

SUPERCILIOUS

Back 63

Superciliosus, from supercilium, "an eyebrow, arrogance," from super, "over" + cilium, "an
eyelid."

Front 64

COQUETTE

Back 64

"somewhat of a coquette in manner," perversely entertaining suitors but accepting none.

Front 65

Q

Back 65

A

Front 66

DESULTORY

Back 66

DESULTORY

Front 67

PERFUNCTORY

Back 67

PERFUNCTORY

Front 68

C O N C U P I S C E N C E

Back 68

CON CUP IS CENCE

Front 69

STAID

Back 69

Staid is from obsolete staid, past participle of stay.

composed, grave, sedate, steady.

Front 70

BEDAUB

Back 70

be-, "thoroughly" + daub, , "to clothe in white, white-wash, plaster," dealbare, "to whitewash, to plaster," from de-(intensive prefix) + albus, "white."

Front 71

BIDDABLE

Back 71

that one charismatic individual can impose his will on a lot of biddable ones.
They are calm, biddable, cooperative, sensible companions.

Front 72

CLOY

Back 72

all these delights start to cloy my senses.
CLOG

Front 73

STAID

Back 73

Steady or sedate in character; sober; composed; regular; not wild, volatile, or fanciful.
From obsolete staid, past participle of stay.
composed, grave, sedate, steady.

Front 74

IMPASSIBLE

Back 74

he was a man of much dignity, with an impassible face

Front 75

VENAL

Back 75

a variety of venal practices

Front 76

PENURY

Back 76

Oscar Wilde, with his opulence of twadle and his penury of sense.

Front 77

INTERLARD

Back 77

To interlard a conversation with oaths.

Front 78

ABULIA

Back 78

abulia, also aboulia
There's little escape from her black hole of abulia.
a-, "without" + boule, "will." abulic.

Front 79

NIMIETY

Back 79

NIMIETY EXCESS
a nimiety of riches have we here!
nimius, "very much, too much," from nimis, "excessively."

Front 80

OPPROBRIUM

Back 80

a term of opprobrium
Malaysia incurred global opprobrium

Opprobrare,to reproach.

Front 81

EX E CRABLE

Back 81

ex-, "out of, away from, outside of" + sacer, "sacred."

Front 82

FELICITOUS

Back 82

felicitous turn of phrase
a chance for a felicitous reward in the hereafter.
felicitas, "fertility, hence success, happiness," from felix, "fertile, successful, happy."

Front 83

OP PROB RIUM

Back 83

a term of opprobrium

Front 84

MPIDIL

Back 84

LIMPID
her large eyes are a limpid, liquid blue

Front 85

EX EC RABLE

Back 85

truly execrable writing

Front 86

NONPLUS

Back 86

I could see that my success
had nonplussed him.
he seemed nonplussed
non plus, "no more."

Front 87

SAPIENT

Back 87

..a sapient observer of the world.
..the trusty and sapient counsellor of previous leaders.

Front 88

OBJURGATE

Back 88

The act about to be
objurgated.

Front 89

DES UL TORY

Back 89

desultory talk

Front 90

IN TER STICE

Back 90

Interstitium, "a pause, an interval," intersistere, "to stand still in the middle of something".
inter, "between" + sistere, "to cause to stand."

Front 91

SPECIOUS

Back 91

specious reasoning
a specious argument
specious claims

Front 92

NETTLESOME

Back 92

nettlesome problems
nettlesome issues

Front 93

SYNCRETIC

Back 93

In Cuba, the dominant religion is Santeria, a syncretic mix of
Catholicism and Yoruba deities.

Front 94

SURCEASE

Back 94

with no promise of surcease,

Front 95

PERQUISITE

Back 95

a perquisite reserved for top executives.
regarded petty larceny as a perquisite of office

Front 96

CONCUPISCENCE

Back 96

CON CUP ISCENCE

Front 97

INSOUCIANT

Back 97

in-, "not" + souciant,
"caring,"

Front 98

INVEIGLE

in-VAY-guhl

Back 98

Deep Blue had tried to inveigle Kasparov into grabbing several pawn offers

Front 99

DYSPEPTIC

EUPEPTIC

Back 99

dys-, "difficult, bad" + pepsis, "digestion." The opposite of dyspeptic is eupeptic, "having good digestion; also, cheerful."

Front 100

SOLICITOUS

Back 100

Sollicitus, "thoroughly or violently moved, disturbed, or agitated," - "anxious, uneasy, worried," from sollus, "whole, entire" + citus, past
participle of ciere, "to move, to stir."

Front 101

EPHEMERON

Back 101

ephemera of day-to-day life
behind this shimmering ephemeron lies Brahman
hungry for a plethora of Star Trek ephemera.

Front 102

PORTENT

Back 102

portendere, "to stretch out before or into the future, to predict," from por- (variant of pro-), "before" + tendere

Front 103

SELF ANTONYMS

Back 103

SELF ANTONYMS
Enjoin
Fast
cleave

Front 104

UNTOWARD

Back 104

Not favorable or fortunate; adverse.
OE toweard, "facing, imminent," from to, "to" + -weard, "-ward."

Front 105

DEVILTRY

Back 105

Mischievous conduct; deviltry.

Front 106

DROUGHT

Back 106

'Drought', OE 'drugoth'.
related to 'dry'.

Front 107

WAYWORN

Back 107

Wayworn is WAY (OE weg) + worn (from OE werian).

Front 108

COSSET

Back 108

pampered and cosseted from infancy

Front 109

CLAQUE

Back 109

1. A group hired to applaud at a performance.
2. A group of fawning admirers.

Front 110

BLUB

Back 110

SOB
Birdwatchers sob (blub) as 'extinct' woodpecker found after 60 years

Front 111

HOBBLEDEHOY

Back 111

An awkward, gawky young fellow.
the buffoonish behaviour of the spotty hobbledehoys at the end-of-term disco --
a hulking hobbledehoy.
ignorant hobbledehoys.

? derives from hobble, from the awkward movements of a clumsy adolescent.

Front 112

BIDDABLE

Back 112

one charismatic individual can impose his will on a lot of biddable ones.
...calm, biddable, cooperative, sensible companions.
"to ask, to command," from OE biddan; and partly "to offer, to proclaim," from OE beodan.

Front 113

FETTLE

Back 113

Middle English fetlen, "to set in order," originally "to gird up," from Old English fetel, "a girdle."

Front 114

SKULK

Back 114

Middle English skulken, ultimately Scandinavian origin.

Front 115

CADGE

Back 115

Cadge derives from Middle English cadgear, "a peddler, a
huckster."

Front 116

GLOM

Back 116

. . . salespersons who glom onto you. GRAB

Front 117

TOOTHSOME

Back 117

toothsome opportunities
a toothsome starlet
Toothsome is derived from tooth + -some.
delectable, delicious, palatable, scrumptious,
tasty, yummy.

Front 118

FROWARD

Back 118

FROWARD

headstrong, insubordinate, rebellious, contumacious.

Front 119

STANCH

Back 119

to stanch the flow of water seeping inexorably into the room.
Truman would stanch any North Korean invasion by
threatening to use atomic weapons.
Old French estancher, "to stop a liquid from flowing."

The verb stanch is related to the adjective staunch, meaning "steadfast, loyal." Both words have the same history (the adjective originally meant (watertight"), and each one serves as the variant spelling of the other. But the usual spelling of the verb is stanch, and the usual spelling of the adjective is staunch.

Front 120

RESPONSIBILITY

Back 120

fiduciary responsibility

Front 121

IN EL UCTABLE

Back 121

Impossible to avoid or evade.
... ineluctable as gravity.
Eluctari, "to struggle out of, to get free from," from ex-, e-, "out of" + luctari, "to struggle."

Front 122

EXIGENT

Back 122

EXIGENT

Exigere, "to demand."

Front 123

ALTERCATE

Back 123

Altercatio, altercation-, from altercari, "to dispute (with another)," from alter, "other." The verb form is altercate.

Front 124

NAIF

Back 124

prey on the sympathies of unsuspecting naifs, fishing for
bank account numbers or photocopies of passports.

Front 125

LENITY

Back 125

LENIENCY
And what makes robbers bold but too much lenity? (Shakes).

Lenis, "soft, mild."

Front 126

LIMINAL

Back 126

liminal
1 relating to a transitional or initial stage.
2 at a boundary or threshold.
liminality noun.
limen ‘threshold’.

Front 127

LIMINAL

Back 127

liminal, lawless, deprived and depraved.

Front 128

STIPULATE

Back 128

STIPULARI

Front 129

...EDGE

Back 129

SARDONIC EDGE

she writes with a sardonic edge

Front 130

PROROGUE

Back 130

Discontinue the meeting (of a parliament etc) without dissolving it.

Front 131

TRUSTED WITH THE MONEY

Back 131

fiduciary responsibility

Front 132

LEOSAN

Back 132

leosan, "to lose."

Front 133

STANCH...

Back 133

Verb stanch is related to adjective staunch, meaning "steadfast, loyal." Both words have the same history (the adjective originally meant (watertight"), and each one
serves as the variant spelling of the other. But the usual spelling of the verb is stanch, and the usual spelling of the adjective is staunch.

Front 134

APORIA

Back 134

APORIA

rhetorical.
Where shall I begin?

Front 135

STANCH STAUNCH

Back 135

Stanch is related to the adjective staunch, meaning "steadfast, loyal." The adjective originally meant watertight. Each one serves as the variant spelling of the other. But the usual spelling of the verb is stanch, and the usual spelling of the adjective is staunch.

Front 136

TYRO

Back 136

Latin tiro, "a young soldier, a recruit," hence "a beginner, a learner."

Front 137

TUOLF

Back 137

EXPRESS CONTEMPT

Front 138

ATRA BILIOUS

Back 138

Melancholic; gloomy.
an ill-faced, ill-tempered, atrabilious.
entertainingly atrabilious.
Atra bilis, "black" (atra) "bile" (bilis). It is a translation of Greek melankholia, from melas,
melan-, "black" + khole, "bile."

Front 139

BADINAGE

Back 139

an evening of anecdote and badinage.
badin:playful.

Front 140

EMBONPOINT

Back 140

EMBONPOINT: en + bon + point.
plumpness.

Front 141

LUCUBRATION
LUCUBRATE

Back 141

LUCUBRATION: lucubrare
...the amount of lucubration that finds its way
into print.
lucubrare, "to work by night, composed at night (as by candlelight)," ultimately connected with lux, "light." Hence it is related to lucent, "shining, bright," and lucid, "clear." The verb form is lucubrate.

Front 142

NUGATORY

Back 142

nugatory, adjective: insignificant,Having no force; inoperative; ineffectual.
his eye for what may appear nugatory or marginal but, when focused upon, illuminates the temper of a given moment.
an error so nugatory as to demand no action.
Nugari, "to trifle," from nugae, "jests, trifles."

Front 143

TRUCULENT

Back 143

truculent
adjective:
1. Fierce; savage; ferocious; barbarous.
2. Cruel; destructive; ruthless.
truculent partisan politicians in Washington.
the actions of a truculent fugitive.
an attitude of truculent resentment and outright paranoia rather than self-esteem.
truculentus, from trux, truc-, rough, savage, fierce.

Front 144

UNCT U OUS

Back 144

unctuous
A warmed, crusty French roll arrives split, lightly smeared with unctuous chopped liver.
unctuous public manner and her anger in private.
a smile so unctuous it seemed about to slide right off his face.
Unctus, "anointed, besmeared, greasy," past participle of unguere, "to anoint, to besmear."

Front 145

QUAFF

Back 145

transitive verb:
To drink with relish.
intransitive verb:
To drink largely or luxuriously.
noun:
A drink quaffed.

Front 146

VLIAC

Back 146

transitive verb.
transitive verb
noun

to cavil about competing ideas
to cavil at a single omission
be diverted from his main pursuit by cavils or trifles.

Front 147

WAYLAY

Back 147

waylay transitive verb:
To lie in wait for and attack from ambush.
To approach or stop someone unexpectedly.
waylay and beat them up.
waylaid him one evening and beat him bloody.
waylay tourists and entice them into buying the blooms and scents.
OE weg + lay from Old English lecgan.

Front 148

BEHOLDEN

Back 148

beholden , adjective:
Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted.
she did not want him to feel beholden to her.
much less beholden to the farming interests than any government in
the past two decades.
did not intend to be beholden to any of his relatives unless they proved their worth.
Old English behealden, "to hold firmly," from be-, intensive prefix + healden, "to hold."

Front 149

EKE

Back 149

transitive verb:
1. To gain or supplement with great effort or difficulty --used with 'out'.
2. To increase or make last by being economical -- used with 'out'.

eke out a victory.
the wide margins the publishers use to eke out a skimpy text, they make the novel seem bigger than it is.
the rugged and resourceful villagers eked out a living on the thin crust of the soil.
Eke is from Old English ecan, "to increase."

Front 150

TEM ER ARIOUS

Back 150

TEM ER ARIOUS
Recklessly or presumptuously daring; rash.
Henry's enmity toward the temerarious Beckett for protesting the subordination of ecclesiastical to secular authority.
...temerarious theologian... ranged widely in my search for some permanently satisfying Truth.
temere, "rashly, heedlessly."

Front 151

TNES

Back 151

nest
A set of things that fit together or one inside the other.
a nest of tables
verb
nested, nesting
intr
To fit things together compactly, especially one inside another.
OE.

Front 152

LABILE

Back 152

Open to change; apt or likely to change; adaptable.
his prose is an amazingly labile instrument, wry and funny, never pretentious, capable of rendering the muck of a London street and the delicate hummingbird flights of thought with equal ease.
labi, "to slip."

Front 153

ENJOIN

Back 153

ENJOIN
1. to order.
2. to forbid.
... in only one place does it specifically enjoin fasting during the month of Ramadan...
...a steady stream of decisions enjoining strikes, boycotts, picket lines, and other collective actions.
injungere, to attach, to fasten to; also, to bring upon," from in- +
jungere, "to join."
/Enjoin/ is its own antonym. Other self-antonyms include /fast/("moving quickly; fixed firmly in place") and /cleave/ ("to split; toadhere").

Front 154

ABLUTION

Back 154

Ablution comes from Latin ablutio, from abluere, "to wash, to remove by washing, to wash away," from ab-, "away from" + luere, "to wash."

Front 155

ABOMINATE

Back 155

...and as for Latin, I abominated it.
I abominate the theatre.

Front 156

FIDUCIARY

Back 156

fiduciary responsibility for the company's performance

Front 157

MISE EN ABYME

Back 157

le procédé qui consiste à répéter (parfois à l'infini) un élément à l'intérieur d'autres éléments similaires au premier

Front 158

ACQUIESCE

ASSENT

Back 158

ACCEDE: accedere, ad-, "toward, to" + cedere, "to move, to yield."
acquiesce, agree, assent, comply, concur, consent.

Front 159

AC QUIES CE

Back 159

acquiesce to mafia involvement
acquiesce to the return of the marbles.
acquiesce in it.

Front 160

ACUMEN

Back 160

ACUMEN
rare combination of editorial acumen and business know-how.

The family store gave him a sharp business acumen --
acquired by manning the cash register --

acumen, "the sharp point of something; sharpness of understanding; cunning," from acuere, "to sharpen."
Sharpness, sagacity, perspicacity.

Front 161

ADVENTITIOUS

Back 161

adventicius, "coming from without, from outside sources," from the past participle of advenire, "to come towards or to; (of events) to happen," from ad- "to" + venire, "to come."

Front 162

AD VEN TITIOUS

Back 162

His posing was mostly harmless--merely adventitious to the genuine strength and gallantry underneath.

Front 163

AFFLATUS

Back 163

Afflatus, past participle of afflare, to blow at or breathe on, from ad-, at + flare, to puff, to blow. Other words with the same root include deflate (de-, out of + flare); inflate (in-, into + flare); soufflé, the puffed up dish (from French souffler, to puff, from Latin sufflare, to blow from below, hence to blow up, to puff up, from sub-, below + flare); and flatulent.

Front 164

DEUS EX MACHINA

Back 164

The dramatic device dates from the 5th century BC and is especially associated with Euripides.

Front 165

IM MITIG ABLE

immitigable

Back 165

The immitigable mountains and their stark, eldritch trees; coasts where earth abruptly snapped off, never to be continued, or beaches which gnawed it to bright dust and sucked it gently away....

Front 166

NOCENT

Back 166

Not nocent yet, but on the grassie Herbe Fearless unfeard he slept:

Front 167

BULLY PULPIT

Back 167

Theodore Roosevelt's reference to the White House as a "bully pulpit," meaning a terrific platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda. Roosevelt often used the word "bully" as an adjective meaning superb/wonderful.

Front 168

FIREBRAND

Back 168

firebrands v. deadwood trope

Front 169

LIBRI

Back 169

CURSOR RECURSUS

Front 170

EKE

Back 170

Eke Old English ecan, to increase.

Front 171

BIDDABLE

Back 171

"to ask, to command," from OE biddan;
and partly "to offer, to proclaim," from OE beodan.

Front 172

NWI

Back 172

WIN
Obtain ore from a mine.
Winning coal by strip mining.

Front 173

REBARBATIVE

Back 173

The accusation against differential psychology is that its factorial dimensions are rebarbative to those who wish to improve the human lot.

Front 174

COMELY

Back 174

OE cymlic, from Cyme "pretty, beautiful, fine, delicate" + lic, adjectival suffix.

Front 175

PELF

Back 175

PELF:
"booty, stolen goods."
Related to pilfer.

Front 176

VOTARY

...votaries.

Back 176

VOTARY
monomaniac votaries.
Votum, "vow,".

Front 177

NETTLESOME

Back 177

NETTLESOME PROBLEMS
Verb nettle, "to sting; to irritate or vex" (from nettle, a plant covered with minute sharp, stinging hairs) + -some.

Front 178

ANTE DILUVIAN

Back 178

Ante-, "before" + diluvium, "flood." ancient, antiquated, archaic.
anti-diluvian--against floods!

Front 179

LEXICON

Back 179

THE TOTAL MORPHEMES OF A LANGUAGE
lexikos, "of or belonging to words," from lexis, "a speaking, speech, a way of speaking, a word or phrase," from legein, "to say, to speak."

Front 180

IN A TRICE

Back 180

"(at one)pull," from trisen, "to pull," from Middle Dutch trisen, "to hoist," from trise, "a windlass, a pulley."

Front 181

PANOPLY

Back 181

lay aside their precautionary panoply.
Greek panoplia, "a full suit of armor," from pan, "all" + hoplia, "arms, armor," plural of hoplon, "implement, weapon."

Front 182

VOTARY

Back 182

VOTARY
Votum, "vow," from the past participle of vovere, "to vow, to devote." Related words include vow and vote, originally a vow, hence a prayer or ardent wish, hence an expression of preference, as for a candidate.

Front 183

IM PREG NABLE

Back 183

...those [laws] are strong which appeal to reason, but those are impregnable which compell the assent both of reason and the common affections of mankind. --James Russell Lowell--

Front 184

UMBRAGE

Back 184

The river tumbling green and white, far below me; the dark
high banks, the plentiful umbrage, many bronze cedars, in shadow; and tempering and arching all the immense materiality, a clear sky overhead, with a few white clouds, limpid, spiritual, silent.
--Walt Whitman, Specimen Days.

Front 185

SYNCRETIC

Back 185

In Cuba, the dominant religion is Santeria, a syncretic mix
of Roman Catholicism and Yoruba deities.
a moderate, syncretic, inclusive brand of Islam.

Front 186

ASCETIC

Back 186

Those who practiced the cult of Orpheus banded themselves
into ascetic brotherhoods and tried to purify their souls through diet and dress.
askein, "to work, to exercise, to train."

Front 187

MODICUM

Back 187

Modicus, "moderate," from modus, "measure."
small quantity, trace, hint, speck, jot, iota.

Front 188

ABJURE

Back 188

ABJURE FORSWEAR
To renounce under oath.
abjure his heretical views.
He tasted the wine. There and then he resolved to abjure it totally.
Abjurare, "to deny upon oath," from ab-, "away" + jurare, "to swear." It is related to jury, "a body of persons sworn to give a verdict on a
given matter."
recant, renounce, forswear.

Front 189

ABJURE

Back 189

Abjurare, "to deny upon oath," from ab-, "away" + jurare, "to swear." Related to jury, "a body of persons sworn to give a verdict on a given matter."

Front 190

FETID

Back 190

FETID:
the fetid smell of the tannery.
Fetidus, from fetere, "to stink."

noisome, rank, rancid, smelly, stinking.

Front 191

FETID

Back 191

noisome, rank, rancid, smelly, stinking.

Front 192

GIMCRACK

Back 192

gimcrack, n & adj.:
gewgaw.
cheap.
a collection of pretty gimcracks.
always seeming aesthetically gimcrack.

Front 193

DELIQUESCE

Back 193

Deliquescere, from de-, "down,
from, away" + liquescere, "to melt," from liquere, "to be fluid." It is related to liquid and liquor.

Front 194

DELI QUESENCE

Back 194

deliquescere, de-, "down, from, away" + liquescere, "to melt," from liquere, "to be fluid."

Front 195

EKE

Back 195

EKE:
1. To gain or supplement with great effort or difficulty -- used with 'out'.
2. To increase or make last by being economical -- used with 'out'.
to eke out a skimpy text,
they make the novel seem bigger than it is.
OE ecan, "to increase."

Front 196

EKE

Back 196

ECAN
OE INCREASE

Front 197

ADAMANT

Back 197

adamant.
the adamant ignorance--of so many people.
Gk. Adamas, adamant-, "unconquerable; the hardest metal; diamond."

Front 198

CANARD

He repeats the canard that...

Back 198

He repeats the canard that since Britain failed to pay for Zimbabwe's land reform , “a forcible process of land redistribution became inevitable”.

Front 199

CADRE

trained cadres flowed across the porous border.

Back 199

cadre KAH-dray
A tightly knit and trained group of dedicated members active in promoting the interests of a revolutionary party.
A member of such a group.
Trained cadres flowed across the porous border

Front 200

CADRE

Back 200

the French avant-garde was made up of a cadre of bitter, highly self-conscious poets, painters, novelists, and critics.

Front 201

BALAC

Back 201

The world is under the control of a global cabal of elites.
...the profit-mad cabal of toy pushers.
---
Hebrew qabbalah, "received," hence "traditional, lore,".

Front 202

ENJOIN

Back 202

ENJOIN
1. to order.
2. to forbid.
enjoins fasting during the month of Ramadan...
...judges were friendly to unions, as shown by a steady stream of decisions enjoining strikes, boycotts, picket lines, and other collective actions.
injungere, to attach, to fasten to; also, to bring upon," from in- + jungere, "to join."

Front 203

VAPID

Back 203

he was writing vapid and sentimental mediocrities
prose of vapid enthusiasms
vapid anecdotes
VAPIDUS, "spiritless, spoiled, flat."

Front 204

TITI VATE

c/w titillate

Back 204

To smarten up; to spruce up.

In The Idle Class, when Chaplin is titivating in a hotel...
Titivate is perhaps from tidy + the quasi-Latin ending -vate.
When the word originally came into the language, it was written tidivate or tiddivate. The noun form is titivation.
Usage: Titivate is sometimes considered colloquial and is
often used for humorous effect. Be careful not to confuse it with titillate.

Front 205

STORMCROW

Back 205

..a morbid old stormcrow.

a harbinger of stormy weather.

Front 206

APOTHEGM

Back 206

adage, aphorism, maxim, proverb, saw.

Front 207

BADINAGE

Back 207

an evening of anecdote and badinage over a bottle or two of vintage bubbly and some tasty cheese straws.
badin:playful.

Front 208

BEHOLDEN

TO

Back 208

the government is beholden to farming interests.

Front 209

TEM ER ARIOUS

Back 209

TEM ER ARIOUS
Recklessly or presumptuously daring.

Front 210

ABJURE

Back 210

recant, renounce, forswear.

Front 211

ABROGATE

Back 211

To annul or abolish by an authoritative act.
put an end to; to do away with.
to abrogate the ABM Treaty
abrogate the agreement.
Abrogare, "to repeal a law wholly, to annul,"

Front 212

LUCUBRATE

Back 212

LUCUBRATION: lucubrare.
lucubrare, "to work by night, composed at night (as by
candlelight).

The verb form is lucubrate.

Front 213

EKE
IN A TRICE
BLACKGAURD
DROUGHT
SKULK
COSSET

Back 213

GAINSAY.
EKE.
IN A TRICE.
BLACKGUARD.
DROUGHT.
SKULK.
COSSET.
FETTLE.
MULCT.
STORMCROW.
LOSE.
FLOUT.
NETTLESOME.
PURLOIN.
FILCH.
PELF
GIMCRACK.
ESCHEW.
SHUN.
QUAFF.
GADABOUT.
SKULK.
HOBBLEDEHOY.
BIDDABLE.
WAYLAY.
WRY.
UNTOWARD.
MULCT.
INTERLARD.
CADGE.
FROWARD.

Front 214

WRAITH

Back 214

Wraith is from Scottish warth, probably originally "a guardian angel, hence a person's ghost seen -- as a warning or means of protection -- immediately before death, hence any apparition," from Old Norse vörthr, "watcher, guardian."

Front 215

WIZENED

Back 215

Wizened
Past participle of wizen, "to wither, to dry," from the OE wisnian.

Front 216

WISEACRE

Back 216

a smart aleck.
...journalists and other wiseacres...
Wiseacre comes from Middle Dutch wijssegger, "a soothsayer," from Old High German wissago, alteration of wizago, "a prophet."

Front 217

WIZENED

Back 217

wisnian
to wither, dry.

Front 218

WHEEDLE

Back 218

wheedle (transitive verb) or
To flatter; to use soft words.
(Intransitive vb).
to wheedle contributions by asking in a seductive voice.
OE wædlian, "to beg, to be a beggar," from wædl, "want,
poverty."
cajole.

Front 219

WASTREL

Back 219

Wastrel is from waste + -rel (as in scoundrel).

Front 220

WAN

Back 220

Wan
OE wann, "gloomy, dark."

Front 221

WAG

Back 221

Some wag has summed up the three laws of thermodynamics in everyday terms: 1. You can't win. 2. You can't even break even. 3. You can't get out of the game.
Wag in this sense perhaps comes from the obsolete wag-halter, "a rogue; one likely to be hanged."

Front 222

UNFLEDGED

Back 222

Lacking the feathers necessary for flight.
this parrot was caught when very young, even possibly unfledged.
sheltering unfledged youth from the real world, "prolonging a cocoon existence."
He is not naive, unfledged.
Unfledged is from obsolete fledge, "capable of flying;
feathered,"OE-flycge.

Front 223

MAZY

...Mr. Dunne's mazy plot...
...a dense, mazy book...

Back 223

Mazy is the adjective form of maze, which comes from Middle English mase, from masen, "to confuse, to daze," from Old English amasian, "to confound." It is related to amaze, which
originally meant "to bewilder."

Front 224

HOARY

Back 224

OE har, "gray; old (and gray-haired)."

Front 225

TOWARD

Back 225

adj.
old use
In progress
Example: Have you heard what is toward?

Front 226

HARDSCRABBLE

Back 226

hardscrabble , adjective:
1. Yielding a bare or meager living with great labor or difficulty.
2. Marked by poverty.
this hardscrabble land
hardscrabble farming
Hardscrabble is formed from hard (from Old English heard) + scrabble (from Dutch schrabbelen, "to scratch").

Front 227

GAUCHE

DEXTEROUS

Back 227

Sinister, Latin for left, suggests or threatens evil. Gauche is tactless, awkward and clumsy, but dexter gives us dexterous (also meaning skillful). If you are

Front 228

GAINSAY

Back 228

ME geinseien, from gein-, against (from OE gegn-, gean-) + sayen, to say, from Old English secgan.

Front 229

FROWARD

Back 229

to discourage further opposition by the contumacious Gauls
a contumacious teenager
Contumax, contumac-, "insolent." contrary, froward, headstrong, insubordinate, rebellious.

Front 230

FORLORN

Back 230

OE forleosan, "to abandon," from for- + leosan, "to lose."

Front 231

FOR go

Back 231

forgo
OE forgan, "to go without, to forgo," from for-, "without" + gan, "to go."
forwent, forgone, forgoing, forgoes
To abstain from; to do without.
she will forgo her favorite foods.
I might cheerfully forgo stock options in Microsoft to do it.
I wanted to forgo college and head straight to New York to become an actress

Front 232

FILLIP

Back 232

A snap of the finger forced suddenly from the thumb; a stimulus.
transitive verb:
he gives him a fillip on the nose.
the coffee administers a fillip to my brain.
Her raspberry cream tart is given an added fillip with
bourbon and nutmeg.
You fillip me o' the head. Shakespeare.

Front 233

ACCEDE

Back 233

Accedere, "to approach, to accede," from ad-, "toward, to" + cedere, "to move, to yield."
acquiesce, agree, assent, comply, concur, consent.

Front 234

TAMBI

Back 234

he came within the ambit of the Vienna Circle.
a regulatory regime completely outside the ambit of the Central Bank.
Ambitus, "circuit," from ambire, "to go around," from amb-, "about, around" + ire, "to go."

Front 235

APPRISE

Back 235

became apprised of this news,
apprise him of the bare clinical facts only.
He apprised her of his plan
Apprehendere, "to take hold of (by the mind)," from ad- + prehendere, "to lay hold of, to seize."

Front 236

BAILIWICK

Back 236

I'll give it a try, but this is not my bailiwick.

ME baillifwik, from baillif, "bailiff" (ultimately from Latin bajulus, "porter, carrier") + wik, "town," from Old English wic, from Latin vicus, "village."

Front 237

COMELY

Back 237

OE cymlic, from cyme, pretty, beautiful, fine, delicate + lic, adjectival suffix.

Front 238

sih-ZUR-uh.

Back 238

CAESURA
sih-ZUR-uh.

Front 239

LOWCAL

Back 239

CALLOW
at first he was a callow and unambitious youth, he began to develop into a serious young man dedicated to books and devoted to his father.
OE calu, "featherless, bald."

Front 240

CAMARILLA

Back 240

Camarilla, which an unofficial group of courtiers or favorites surrounding and influencing a king or ruler

Front 241

CATERWAUL

Back 241

CATERWAUL
Dutch catawail, from cat-wail, "to wail like a cat."

Front 242

SLAKE

Back 242

SLAKE
OE slacian, from slæc, "slack."

Front 243

STRIPLING

Back 243

A youth in the state of adolescence, or just passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad.

Front 244

COZEN

Back 244

to think that such an outright rogue could cozen you.
louts and losers who cozen each other.
cozen her readers by appeal to feeling.
cozening and cheating, lying and defrauding'.

Front 245

CALLOW

Back 245

CALLOW

Immature
Old English calu, featherless, bald.

Front 246

CAVIL

Back 246

transitive verb.
noun

to cavil about competing ideas
to cavil at a single omission
diverted from his main pursuit by cavils or trifles.

Front 247

PUCK

Back 247

Those that Hobgoblin call you and sweet Puck,
You do their work, and they shall have good luck:
Are not you he?
A Midsummernight's Dream

Front 248

QUAGMIRE

Back 248

quagmire
quag, a dialectical variant of quake (from Old English cwacian) + mire, from Old Norse myrr, "a swamp."

Front 249

SCAPEGRACE

Back 249

a happy-go-lucky scapegrace of a boy
Scapegrace is from scape (a variant of escape) + grace.

Front 250

COMPRISE

Back 250

To comprise something has the same meaning as consist, often implying that the
whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The
programme comprises two short plays (they were chosen to make it up).

Front 251

TOCSIN

Back 251

RING/SOUND THE TOCSIN
to sound his tocsin on the condition of human society.

Old Provençal tocasenh, from tocar, "to touch, to strike, to ring a bell" + senh, "church bell," ultimately from Latin signum, "sign, signal."
A new toxin! Ring the tocsin!

Front 252

PETTIFOGGER

Back 252

The nitpickers, the whiners, the pettifoggers are everywhere.

Front 253

SCINTILLA

Back 253

scintilla, noun:
a spark.
a scintilla of humility
not one scintilla of ill will
never a scintilla of doubt

a spark. Also from scintilla is the verb scintillate, "to
sparkle."

Front 254

TARADIDDLE

Back 254

tarradiddle:
1.a fib.
2.Pretentious nonsense.
This was no fib, plumper, porker or tarradiddle. There was definitely no deceit, mendacity or fabrication.

Front 255

WINSOME

Back 255

winsome , adj:
Cheerful.
agreeable; pleasant.
it was a sweet smile...so winsome and large it transformed her melancholy face.
Old English wynsum, from wynn, "joy" + -sum (equivalent to Modern English -some), "characterized by." charming, engaging, winning.

Front 256

APPARATUS

Back 256

of its several hundred pages, 130 contained poetry. The rest was technical apparatus of various kinds:

Front 257

WOOLGATHERING

Back 257

Indulgence in idle daydreaming.
It would be easy to slip off into woolgathering and miss a deadline.

Front 258

TOWEARD

Back 258

OE/toweard/ future.

Front 259

BETIMES

Back 259

betimes , adverb:
Early; in good time; before it is late.
Betimes is from Middle English bitimes, from bi, "by" + time,"time."

Front 260

BULB

Back 260

BLUB
WEEP

Front 261

BRACKISH

Back 261

Somewhat salty.
...the dangerous beaches where the river meets the sea, a
brackish zone where sharks and saltwater crocodiles lurk.

Brackish derives from Dutch brak, "salty." It is especially used to describe a mixture of seawater and fresh water.

Front 262

BRICKBAT

Back 262

Mbeki is attracting brickbats for his handling of a corruption scandal.

Front 263

CATERWAUL

Back 263

caterwaul \KAT-uhr-wawl\, intransitive verb:
Caterwaul is from Middle English caterwawen, "to cry as a cat," either from Medieval Dutch kater, "tomcat" + Dutch wauwelen, "to tattle," or for catawail, from cat-wail, "to
wail like a cat."

Front 264

CHORTLE

Back 264

chortle, transitive and intransitive verb:
noun:
A snorting, exultant laugh or chuckle.
Chortle a combination of chuckle and snort(LC).

Front 265

CLAMBER

Back 265

Clamber is from ME clambren, probably a modification of climben, "to climb."

Front 266

COZEN

Back 266

To cheat usually by petty tricks.
You would naturally not think such an outright rogue could cozen
you.
louts and losers who cozen each other.
cozen her readers by appeal to feeling.
cozening and cheating, lying and defrauding'.

Front 267

COSSET

Back 267

PET LAMB

Front 268

DISTRAUGHT

Back 268

distraught.
1. deeply agitated.
2. mentally deranged.
ME var. of obs. distract distracted, by assoc. with straught, old ptp. of STRETCH
distraughtly, adv.

Front 269

DISTRAIT

Back 269

adjective:
Divided or withdrawn in attention, especially because of anxiety.
...too distrait to begin work
distrahere, "to pull apart; to draw away; to distract," from dis- + trahere, "to draw, to pull." It is related to distraught and distracted.

Front 270

LACK A DAISI CAL

Back 270

LACK A DAISI CAL:
Lackadaisical comes from the expression lackadaisy, a variation of lackaday, itself a shortening of "alack the (or a) day!" Alackaday! Expression of regret or Surprise. lazy.

Front 271

MISPRIZE

Back 271

MISPRIZE
hold in contempt.
undervalue.
did he misprize such fidelity?

Front 272

NEST
n & v

Back 272

NEST
noun
A set of things that fit together or one inside the other.
Example: a nest of tables
verb nested, nesting
intr To fit things together compactly, especially one inside another.
Anglo-Saxon.

Front 273

VOLUPTUARY

n&v

Back 273

Colette used to begin her day's writing by first picking
fleas from her cat, and it's not hard to imagine how the methodical stroking and probing into fur might have focused such a voluptuary's mind.
Though depicted as a decadent voluptuary, she remained celibate for more than half of her adult life.

Front 274

BOOTLESS

Back 274

INEFFECTUAL: bootless, fruitless, futile, unavailing, useless, vain.

Front 275

INKHORN

Back 275

INKHORN
Affectedly or ostentatiously learned; pedantic.

Front 276

APOCA LYPTIC

Back 276

the apocalyptic marriage of energy and mass in the famous equation E=mc2.

Front 277

EX EC RABLE

Back 277

Zimbabwe's execrable Robert Mugabe.
a vast quantity of truly execrable poetry.
an execrable performance
execrable taste.
Exsecrabilis, from exsecrari, execrari, to execrate, to curse, from ex-, out of, away from, outside of + sacer, sacred.
To execrate means "to declare as hateful or detestable; hence, to detest utterly; to abhor."

Front 278

EXIGENT

Back 278

EXIGENT:
1.critical.
2.exacting.
constituents' demands are exigent.
exigent circumstances required officials to act immediately.

to confirm the poet in a lonely and exigent task, which is all the more necessary in these times.

Front 279

HALE

Back 279

Hale ME hal, related to whole. The alliterative phrase hale and hearty is often applied to older persons who retain the health and vigor of youth.

Front 280

EXIGUOUS

Back 280

Exiguous:
Extremely scanty; meager.
moonlighting to supplement exiguous incomes.
ameliorate the family's exiguous circumstances.
Exiguus, "strictly weighed; too strictly weighed," hence "scanty, meager," from exigere, "to determine; to decide; to weigh." >Exiguous:
Extremely scanty; meager.

Front 281

FECKLESS

Back 281

ineffective; incompetent; futile: feckless attempts to repair the plumbing.

Front 282

FETTLE

Back 282

FETTLE
ME fetlen, "to set in order," originally "to gird up," from OE fetel, "a girdle."

Front 283

FLORID

Back 283

FLORID
a florid face
they were florid and overweight

Front 284

IN THRALL

Back 284

I saw pale kings and princes too,
Pale warriors, death-pale were they all;
They cried - 'La Belle Dame sans Merci Hath thee in thrall!

Front 285

WOE BETIDE

Back 285

And there she lulled me asleep
And there I dreamed - Ah! woe betide! -
The latest dream I ever dreamt
On the cold hill side.

Front 286

THRALL

Back 286

thrall
1a. One, such as a slave or serf, who is held in bondage. b. One who is intellectually or morally enslaved. 2. Servitude; bondage: “a people in thrall to the miracles of commerce”.
: thralled, thrall·ing, thralls
Archaic To enslave.
OE, from ON thrll.
thralldom, thraldom.

Front 287

DISTRAUGHT

Back 287

dis·traught, adj.
deeply agitated.
[1350–1400; ME var. of obs. distract distracted, by assoc. with straught, old ptp. of STRETCH]
—dis·traughtly, adv.

Front 288

DOTARD

Back 288

Dotage comes from the verb to dote, "to be weak-minded, silly, or foolish; to have the intellect impaired, especially by old age," from Middle English doten. One who is in his or her dotage is a dotard.

Front 289

COR US CATE

Back 289

CORUSCATE

SPARKLE

Front 290

ELDRITCH

Back 290

"fairyland," from Middle English elf, "elf" (from Old English aelf) + riche, "kingdom" (from Old English rice).

Front 291

GAINSAY

Back 291

Middle English geinseien, from gein-, "against" (from Old English gegn-, gean-) + sayen, "to say," from Old English secgan.

Front 292

COMELY

Back 292

OE cymlic, from cyme, "pretty, beautiful, fine, delicate" + lic, adjectival suffix.

Front 293

NEST

Back 293

nest
A set of things that fit together or one inside the other.
a nest of tables verb nested, nesting
intr
To fit things together compactly, especially one inside another.
OE.

Front 294

SENTENTIOUS

Back 294

sen·ten·tious
1.pithy,aphoristic.
2.Abounding in pompous moralizing.

Front 295

RAILLERY

Back 295

subjected to a certain mordant raillery from this witty company.
Her raillery and mockery are fun.

Front 296

GAUCHERIE

Back 296

GAUCHERIE:
awkward or tactless act.
"guilty of a gaucherie of the crassest kind".

Front 297

HOARY

Back 297

Old English har, "gray; old (and gray-haired)."

Front 298

DISCOMFIT

Back 298

Thwart.

Front 299

OVERWEENING

Back 299

presumptuous.
overweening pride brought
condign disaster.
ME overwening, present participle of overwenen, "to be arrogant," from over + wenen "to ween," from OE wenan.

Front 300

MAWKISH

Back 300

excessively sentimental.
"mawkish sentimentality."
ME mawke, maggot, hense nauseating.

Front 301

MAZY

Back 301

winding; intricate;

...mazy, echoing corridors of the old house.
...a mazy plot...
...a dense, mazy book...
OE amasian, "to confound." It is related to amaze, which
originally meant "to bewilder."

Front 302

MEGRIM

Back 302

I've got the megrims.
lowness of spirits

Front 303

GADABOUT

Back 303

verb gad, "to rove or go about
without purpose or restlessly" (from Middle English gadden, "to hurry") + about.

Front 304

GAINSAY

Back 304

1. To deny.
2. to contradict.
ME geinseien, from gein-,
"against" (from OE gegn-, gean-) + sayen, "to say,"
from Old English secgan.

Front 305

SLAKE

Back 305

to slake thirst.
She had some money but never enough to slake her anxieties.
ME slaken, "to become or render slack," hence "to abate," from OE slacian, from slæc, "slack."

Front 306

SLAVER

Back 306

intransitive verb:
to drool.
noun:
Saliva drooling from the mouth.
The tiger was slavering.

Front 307

SATURNINE

Back 307

1.Gloomy.
2.Sardonic.

Front 308

DOUGHTY

Back 308

adjective:
Marked by fearless resolution; valiant; brave.
Doughty comes from Old English dohtig, "brave, valiant, fit."

Front 309

TURPITUDE

Back 309

TURPITUDE
*an era of subversion and moral turpitude.
*engaging in acts of moral turpitude.
*his misdeeds, his turpitudes
Turpitudo, from turpis, "foul, base."
ut turpiter atrum
desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne,

Front 310

TURGID

Back 310

turgid prose that passed for elegance.
turgere, "to swell."

Front 311

TUMID

Back 311

TUMID
1. Swollen.
2. Bulging; protuberant.
3. Swelling in sound or sense; pompous; inflated; bombastic.
a tumid style.
Tumidus, from tumere, "to swell."
bloated, distended, inflated, puffed, puffy.

Front 312

BIDRUT

Back 312

TURBID
Muddy
turbid water.

Front 313

ENCUMBRANCE

Back 313

A lien, mortgage, or other financial claim against a
property.
Encumbrance is from Old French encombrance, from encombrer, "to block up," from en-, "in" (here used intensively) + combre, "dam, weir, hence hindrance."

Front 314

BEHOLDEN

Back 314

beholden , adjective:
bound in gratitude.
beholden to the farming interests.
beholden to his relatives.
OE behealden, "to hold
firmly," from be-, intensive prefix + healden, "to hold."

Front 315

CAROM

Back 315

carom noun/vb:
A rebound following a collision; a glancing off.
The anger caroms around in our psyches like jagged stones.

Front 316

SATURNINE

Back 316

1.Gloomy.
2.Sardonic.
...opts for sour, saturnine irony instead of mawkish modesty.

Front 317

FLIPPANT

Back 317

flippant, adjective:
Lacking proper seriousness or respect; showing inappropriate levity; pert.
Flippant probably comes from flip. The noun form is flippancy.

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MALAPROPOS

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Unseasonable; unsuitable; inappropriate.
adverb:
In an inappropriate or inopportune manner; unseasonably.
Such malapropos wise cracks
It is very easy to fire-off a malapropos statement

mal à propos, "badly to the purpose."

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TURGID
TORPID
TUMID
TORRID

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TURGID swollen
TORPID sluggish
TUMID swollen
TORRID passionate

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WREAK

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WREAK
...upon: the storm wreaked havoc on the crops.

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INEFFABLE

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INEFFABLE
unutterable.
Ineffabilis, from in-, "not" + effabilis, "utterable," from effari, "to utter," from ex-, "out" + fari, "to speak."

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SENTENTIOUS

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sen·ten·tious
Abounding in pompous moralizing.
sententiōsus, full of meaning, from sententia, opinion. See sentence.

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WINSOME

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WINSOME:
merry
pleasant.

a sweet smile, they said, none sweeter, so winsome and large it transformed her melancholy face.
she was a winsome little girl
full of energy and mischief.
such a winsome way with words,

Wynsum, from wynn, "joy" + -sum (equivalent to Modern English -some), "characterized by." charming, engaging, winning.

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QUAGMIRE

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quagmire
Soft, wet, miry land that shakes or yields under the feet.
Quag, a dialectical variant of quake (from OE cwacian) + mire, from Old Norse myrr, "a swamp."

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COMPOSE

COMPRISE

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To *consist* of something is to be made up of it: /The programme consisted of two short plays/.

To *comprise* something has the same meaning, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: /The programme comprises two short plays/ (they were chosen to make it up).

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LACONIC

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LACONIC , adjective:
brief and pithy.
Readers' reports range from the laconic to the verbose.
a few laconic and uninformative entries in a soldier's log.
"Spartan," hence "terse" .

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IMMOLATE

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transitive verb:
to kill as a sacrificial victim.
What have I gained, that I no longer immolate a bull to
Jove, or to Neptune, or a mouse to Hecate... if I quake
at opinion
Immolare, "to sacrifice; originally, to sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal," from in- + mola, "grits or grains of spelt coarsely ground and mixed with salt."

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BAILIWICK

Back 328

I'll give it a try, but this is not my bailiwick.
Middle English baillifwik, from baillif, "bailiff" (ultimately from Latin bajulus, "porter, carrier") + wik, "town," from Old English wic, from Latin vicus, "village."

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APERCU

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"Ageing is simply learned behaviour".(Deepak Chopra). Demi Moore was so impressed by this apercu that she named him as her personal guru.

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CAESURA

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CAESURA
Any break, pause, or interruption.
a narrative caesura between the film's two "acts."
Say her name today in the right circles and you'll notice a sudden intake of breath, a caesura of pure awe.

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APOLOGIA

Back 331

The work is "a classic apologia, an aggressive defense of Roth's moral stance as an author," Harold Bloom said.

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WHEEDLE

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(intransitive verb):
To flatter; to use soft words.
She tried to wheedle contributions by asking in a seductive voice.

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REDACT

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REDACT :
1. To draw up or frame (a statement, proclamation, etc.); to put in writing.
2. To make ready and put in shape for publication; to edit.
The authors have obtained a copy of this memo, albeit redacted.
White sat down to write or re-write or redact whatever one does to a twenty-year accumulation of episodes.

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RIPOSTE

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an instinct for punchy ripostes.
an inelegant riposte
Riposte derives from Italian risposta, "an answer," from rispondere, "to answer," from Latin respondere, "to promise in
return, to answer," from re- + spondere, "to promise."

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MAELSTROM

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maelstrom, noun:
A large, powerful, or destructive whirlpool.
the maelstrom of the Napoleonic Wars.
Always at the center of a maelstrom of activity.
Dutch maelstroom, from malen, "to grind, hence to whirl round," + stroom, "stream."

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MIEN

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MIEN.
a modest mien.
Here Mnemosyne shows her true face, and she is no young
beauty. Not for her the unlined mien of the younger Muses.

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COMPORT

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–v.i.
To be in agreement, harmony, or conformity (usually followed by with):
His statement does not comport with the facts.

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FAST MAPPING

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The team then tested Rico’s ability to employ fast mapping, a neurological process that toddlers use to quickly guess the meaning of
new words. The researchers put an unfamiliar object in a room with other things he did know and, without teaching Rico the name of the novel item, asked him to get it.

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EXPERENTIA VAGA

Back 339

Ex singularibus, nobis per sensus mutilate, confuse, & sine ordine ad intellectum repraesentatis: & ideo tales perceptiones cognitionem ab experientia vaga vocare consuevi.

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RECURSIVE RULE

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In the first test, random words were called out in a strictly alternating pattern of male followed by female voices. The monkeys
responded to breaks in the male-female rule, by looking at the loudspeaker. This showed that they were able to recognise the simple rule.
In the next test, the grammatical rule dictated that the male voice could call out one, two or three words, as long as the female voice did
the same. This type of slightly more complex pattern is called recursive, as it involves a rule within a rule.

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FOLK PSYCHOLOGY

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“our commonsense conception of psychological phenomena” (Churchland 1981), there have been implicit assumptions regarding the nature of that commonsense conception. A heterogeneous collection of heuristics are used.A number of different heuristics, such as the attribution of traits and inductive generalizations.

Front 342

NATURAL FREQUENCY FORMAT
vs
PROBALITY FORMAT

Back 342

physicians have an improved
understanding of statistical information when it is presented in a natural frequency format rather than a probability format. A cancer screening test--and gave physicians information in a probability format (giving
percentages for population base rate, test sensitivity, and false-positive rates) and in a natural frequency format ("30 out of every 10 000 people have colorectal cancer. Of these, 15 will have
positive haemoccult tests. Of the remaining 9970 patients without colorectal cancer, 300 will still test positive. How many of those who test positive actually have colorectal cancer?").

Front 343

'THE RIVALS'

MALAPROP

Back 343

'THE RIVALS'
"The Rivals," Sheridan's celebrated 1775 comedy of manners."She's as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the Nile!" "He is the very pineapple of politeness!"

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TWO OVERLAPPING NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

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There are some important corollaries of having two overlapping normal distributions. One is that a normal distribution falls off according to the negative exponential of the square of the distance from the mean. That means that even when there is only a small difference in the means of two distributions, the more extreme a score, the greater the disparity there will be in the two kinds of individuals having such a score. That is, the ratios get more extreme as you go farther out along the tail. If we hold a magnifying glass to the tail of the distribution, we see that even though the distributions overlap in the bulk of the curves, when you get out to the extremes the difference between the two curves gets larger and larger.

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OVERLAPPING DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 345

For example, it's obvious that distributions of height for men and women overlap: it's not the case that all men are taller than all women. But while at five foot ten there are thirty men for every woman, at six feet there are two thousand men for every woman. Now, sex differences in cognition tend not to be so extreme, but the statistical phenomenon is the same.

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VARIANCE AND TAIL RATIOS

Back 346

A second important corollary is that tail ratios are affected by differences in variance. And biologists since Darwin have noted that for many traits and many species, males are the more variable gender. So even in cases where the mean for women and the mean for men are the same, the fact that men are more variable implies that the proportion of men would be higher at one tail, and also higher at the other. As it's sometimes summarized: more prodigies, more idiots.

Front 347

ESSENTIALISM

NATURAL KINDS

Back 347

"Essentialism and the Grounding of Rights"
Much controversy surrounds essentialism and the notion of 'natural kinds'. Nonetheless, defenses of human rights and related notions of 'dignity' and 'justice' tend to have essentialism as a silent premise.

Front 348

THE RED WHEELBARROW

Back 348

So much depends
upon
a red wheel
barrow
glazed with rain
water
beside the white
chickens.
(William Carlos Williams).

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GAME THEORY

Back 349

"Game theory" is a mathematical method of analyzing the strategies that
different "players" - be they governments, business partners or criminals - choose to achieve the best possible outcome for themselves in a given interaction.

Front 350

VITUPERATION

Back 350

a repertoire of vituperation

Front 351

PUISSANT

Back 351

adjective:
Powerful; as, a puissant prince or empire.
Puissant is from Old French puissant, "powerful," ultimately
from (assumed) Vulgar Latin potere, alteration of Latin posse, "to be able." The noun form is puissance.

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1.Gloomy.
2.Sardonic.

Back 352

SATURNINE

Front 353

BAYES THEOREM

Back 353

quantitative analysis that weighs current observations against past experiences.

Front 354

THE LIBERTINE

Back 354

Rochester
Elizabeth Barry
King Charles II
George Etherege

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PARRHESIA

Back 355

"Parrhesia" "free speech" "franc-parler", "Freimüthigkeit".

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ANATOMY

Back 356

Anatomy:
A form of prose fiction, traditionally known as the Menippean or Varronian satire and represented by Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, characterized by a great variety of subject-matter and a strong interest in ideas. In shorter forms it often has a cena or symposium setting and verse interludes.

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IRONY

Back 357

Irony:
The mythos of the literature concerned primarily with a "realistic" level of experience, usually taking the form of a parody or contrasting analogue to romance. Such irony may be tragic or comic in its main emphasis; when comic it is normally identical with the usual meaning of satire.

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SOLEM

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MELOS:
The rhythm, movement, and sound of words; the aspect of literature which is analogous to music, and often shows some actual relation to it. From Aristotle's melopoiia.

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MYTHOS

Back 359

Mythos
1. The narrative of a work of literature, considered as the grammar or order of words (literal narrative), plot or "argument" (descriptive narrative), secondary imitation of action (formal narrative), imitation of generic and recurrent action or ritual (archetypal narrative), or imitation of the total conceivable action of an omnipotent god or human society (anagogic narrative).
2. One of the four archetypal narratives, classified as comic, romantic, tragic, and ironic.

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ROMANTIC

Back 360

Romantic:
1. A fictional mode in which the chief characters live in a I world of marvels (naive romance), or in which the mood is elegiac or idyllic and hence less subject to social criticism than in the mimetic modes.
2. The general tendency to present myth and metaphor in an idealized human form, midway between undisplaced myth and "realism."

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CONFESSION

Back 361

Confession:
Autobiography regarded as a form of prose fiction, or prose fiction cast in the form of autobiography.

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INSTRUMENTALISM

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instrumentalism

Belief that statements or theories may be used as tools for useful prediction without reference to their possible truth or falsity. Peirce and other pragmatists defended an instrumentalist account of modern science.

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IRONY

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IRONY
Use of language to convey something entirely different
from its literal meaning. Thus, Socrates professed an ignorance that was the mark of true wisdom, and Kierkegaard often tried to provoke his readers by writing exactly the opposite of what he intended for them to believe.

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OPERATIONALISM

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operationalism
Belief that the meaning of scientific terms and concepts is wholly captured by a description of the process that determines their applicability in particular cases. On this view, theoretical entities are merely logical constructs.

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OCCASIONALISM

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occasionalism

Belief that natural events are not directly related in causation, since both the apparent cause and the apparent effect are, in fact, produced by some third thing (usually divine providence). Geulincx and Malebranche introduced occasionalism as an improved way of reconciling the mechanism with the dualism of Descartes.

Front 366

PRAGMATISM

Back 366

pragmatism
An indigenous American philosophical theory that explains both meaning and truth in terms of the application of ideas or beliefs to the performance of actions that have observable practical outcomes. Peirce, James, Dewey. More recently, such analytic philosophers as Quine, Putnam, and Rorty have expressed sympathy with various portions of the pragmatic program.

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PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH

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pragmatic theory of truth

Belief that a proposition is true when acting upon it yields satisfactory practical results. As formulated by William James, the pragmatic theory promises (in the long term) a convergence of human opinions upon a stable body of scientific propostions that have been shown in experience to be successful principles for human action.

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POSTMODERNISM

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postmodernism

Most generally, abandonment of Enlightenment confidence in the achievement objective human knowledge through reliance upon reason in pursuit of foundationalism, essentialism, and realism. In philosophy, postmodernists typically express grave doubt about the possibility of universal objective truth, reject artificially sharp dichotomies, and delight in the inherent irony and particularity of language and life. Various themes and implications of postmodern thought are explored by Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard, Rorty, Haraway, and Cixous.

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POSITIVISM

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positivism

Belief that natural science, based on observation, comprises the whole of human knowledge. Positivists like Auguste Comte, then, reject as meaningless the claims of theology and metaphysics. The most influential twentieth-century version is logical positivism.

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QUANTUM MECHANICS

Back 370

quantum mechanics
A physical theory developed by Planck, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger. Quantum theory typically permits only probable or statistical calculation of the observed features of subatomic particles, understood in terms of wave functions.

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QUALIA

Back 371

QUALIA
The intrinsic phenomenal features of subjective consciousness, or sense data. Thus, qualia include what it is like to see green grass, to taste salt, to hear birds sing, to have a headache, to feel pain, etc. Providing an adequate account of qualia is sometimes held to be a difficult problem for functionalist explanations of mental states.

Front 372

BEGGING THE QUESTION

Back 372

begging the question (petitio principii)
Circular reasoning. The "informal fallacy" of (explicitly or implicitly) assuming the truth of the conclusion of an argument as one of the premises employed in an effort to demonstrate its truth.
"Since firefighters must be strong men willing to face danger every day, it follows that no woman can be a firefighter.

Although arguments of this sort are formally valid because it is impossible for their conclusions to be false if their premises are true, they fail to provide logical support for their conclusions, which have already been accepted without proof at the outset.

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BAYES

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BAYES
Evidence confirms the likelihood of an hypothesis only to the degree that the appearance of this evidence would be more probable with the assumption of the hypothesis than without it.

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CATEGORY MISTAKE

Back 374

category mistake

Confusion in the attribution of properties or the classification of things. Thus, to suppose that sleep is furious or that a city is nothing more than its buildings is to commit a category mistake. Ryle maintained that Cartesian dualism arises from the implicit occurrence of just such an error, the supposition that the origins of human behavior must reside in an immaterial substance.

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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Back 375

categorical / hypothetical imperative
In the moral philosophy of Kant, a distinction between ways in which the will may be obliged. A hypothetical imperative (of the form, "If you want X, then do A.") is always conditioned on something else, but a categorical imperative (of the form "Do A.") is absolute and universal. Moral action for Kant always follows from the categorical imperative, "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it become a universal law."

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CASUISTRY

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casuistry

Approach to ethics that begins by examining a series of concrete cases rather than by trying to deduce the consequences of a moral rule. Although Pascal criticized this method for the excessive, misleading, or harmful cleverness with which it was practiced in his day, it remains a common tool for applied ethics in a theological vein.

Front 377

COGNITIVE SCIENCE

Back 377

cognitive science

Interdisciplinary effort to study and explain the processes of human thought as a system of symbol manipulation or computational rules.

Front 378

CLEAR AND DISTINCT

Back 378

clear and distinct
Features of ideas considered as mental entities, without regard for their external relation to objects they are supposed to represent. An idea is clear if its content is precise and detailed; otherwise, it is obscure. An idea is distinct if it can be distinguished from any other idea, confused if it cannot. (Although the two notions are formally distinct, they are commonly supposed to coincide, on the grounds that clarity is a necessary and sufficient condition for distinctness.) Descartes held that the clarity and distinctness of our ideas is a criterion for the truth of what we believe.

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COMPATABILISM

Back 379

compatibilism

Belief that the causal determination of human conduct is consistent with the freedom required for responsible moral agency.

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DOUBLE --- THEORY

Back 380

double aspect theory

Belief that mental properties and events on the one hand and physical properties and events on the other hand are irreducibly distinct features or aspects of one and the same thing that exhibits them both. Spinoza, for example, maintained that thought and extension are distinct attributes of the one existing substance that is "god or nature."

Front 381

ERIGENA, JOHN SCOTUS

Back 381

Erigena, John Scotus (810-80)
Irish philosopher. In De Divisione Naturae (On the Distribution of Nature), Erigena notoriously combined Greek and neoplatonic elements into a highly rationalized scheme in which everything both emanates from and later is reabsorbed by god. Although the divine is incomprehnsible for Erigena, god may be known indirectly, as manifested in the created order. The views on human freedom he defended in De praedestinatione (On Predestination) earned for Erigena the official condemnation of the church.

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FINAL CAUSE

Back 382

final cause

The ultimate purpose, end, or goal of a thing; one of Aristotle's four causes. Explanations of how a thing is that rely on reference to its end {Gk. teloV [télos]} are often called "teleological;" their use fell into disfavor during the Renaissance.

Front 383

ESSENCE/ACCIDENT

Back 383

essence/accident per se/per accidens.
Distinction among the attributes, properties, or qualities of substances. A thing's possession of its essential properties is necessary either for its individual existence or, at least, for its membership in a specific kind. Accidental features, by contrast, are those which the thing merely happens to have, even though it need not. Rationality may be part of the essence of any human being, but being able to calculate square roots accurately in one's head is an accident.
The legitimacy of the distinction itself is called into question by philosophers Anti-essentialists doubt whether any features are genuinely essential to the things that have them.

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NATURALISM

Back 384

naturalism
Belief that all objects, events, and and values can be wholly explained in terms of factual and/or causal claims about the world, without reference to supernatural powers or authority. Prominent naturalists include Clifford and Dewey. Quine proposed a naturalistic epistemology, understood as empirical study of the origins and uses of sensory information.

Front 385

HERMENEUTICS

Back 385

Formal study of appropriate methods of interpretation {Gk. hermêneuma}, first developed as a formal discipline of study by Schleiermacher. Following the work of Dilthey, Gadamer, and Ricouer, the hermeneutical process is often regarded as involving a complex interaction between the interpreting subject and the interpreted object. The task is complicated by the apparent circularity of understanding particular elements in light of the text as a whole, which can in turn be understood only by reference to them.

Front 386

HEURISTIC

Back 386

heuristic
An informal method for solving problems in the absence of an algorithm for formal proof. Heuristics typically have only restricted applicability and limited likelihood of success but, as George Polya showed, contribute significantly to our understanding of mathematical truths.

Front 387

MONAD

Back 387

monad
A complete individual substance in the philosophies of Conway and Leibniz, who supposed that each contains all of its properties—past, present, and future.

Front 388

MYTHOS

Back 388

mythos
Greek term for a speech, tale, or story, as opposed to a rational explanation. See logos/mythos. Although Plato typically derided myth as inferior to analysis, Philo Judaeus incorporated it as allegorical interpretation in order to synthesize theology and philosophy.

Front 389

RECURSIVE

Back 389

recursive
Capable of being indefinitely re-applied to the results of its own application. Hence, a recursive definition is one that begins with one or more initial instances and then specifies the repeatable rules for deriving others. Thus, for example:
"A person's descendants include that person's children and all of their descendants" is a recursive definition [not a circular definition] of the word "descendant".

Front 390

VAGUENESS

Back 390

vagueness
The characteristic of words or phrases whose meaning is not determined with precision. Use of one or more vague terms typically renders it impossible to establish the truth or falsity of the sentences in which they appear.

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AMBIGUITY

Back 391

AMBIGUITY
The presence of two or more distinct meanings for a single word or expression. When unnoticed in the context of otherwise careful reasoning, however, it can lead to one of several informal fallacies.
Example:"I'll give you a ring tomorrow."
Note the difference between ambiguity and vagueness.

Front 392

AMPHIBOLY

Back 392

amphiboly
The informal fallacy that can result when a sentence is ambiguous because of its grammatical structure, even if all of its terms are clear.
Captain Spaulding shot an elephant in his pajamas. It is dangerous for large animals to wear human clothing.

Front 393

BIVALENCE

Back 393

bivalence, principle of
Supposition that every proposition must be either true or false. The status of this supposition is controversial, especially with respect to future propositions about human action. Thus, for example, if "I will vacuum the carpet tomorrow." were regarded as already true (or false) today, it would seem that I cannot freely choose whether or not to clean. Note the difference between bivalence and excluded middle.

Front 394

IDENTITY THEORY OF MIND

Back 394

identity theory of mind
Belief that mental properties and events are identical with physical properties and events. Although the details are not yet apparent, identity theorists suppose that scientific research into the nature of the central nervous system will eventually establish the contingent identity of every kind of conscious experience with some neurophysiological phenomenon. Significant variations of the identity theory include physicalism and neutral monism.

Front 395

PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM

Back 395

parallelism, psychophysical
Belief that even though the minds and bodies of human beings are distinct substances that can never interact with each other causally, it is nevertheless true that their development, features, and actions coordinate perfectly. Leibniz supposed that this happens as a result of a providentially pre-established harmony.

Front 396

PRIVATE LANGUAGE

Back 396

private language argument

Wittgenstein's contention that it is impossible for an isolated individual to employ language, since a single person could not have adequate criteria for following linguistic rules. This argument is commonly taken as a refutation of solipsism.

Front 397

NESTED

Back 397

NESTED
What are nested Variables I hear you ask? Text variables that are embedded inside other text variables.

Front 398

MOBIUS STRIP

Back 398

MObius strip
A surface is orientable if it has two sides so that, for example, is it possible to paint it with two different colours. A sheet of paper or the surface of a sphere are examples of orientable surfaces. A Mobius strip is a non-orientable surface: you can build one with a strip of paper (twist the strip and glue end together to form a ring) and verify that it has only one side: it is not possible to paint it with two colours.

Front 399

ETHNOLOGY

Back 399

ETHNOLOGY
The comparative scientific study of human peoples.

Front 400

GENETIC DRIFT

Back 400

The process by which gene frequencies are changed by the chances of random sampling in small population.

Front 401

SURREALISM

Back 401

Surrealism. A twentieth century Avant-garde art movement that originated in the nihilistic ideas of the Dadaist and French literary figures, especially those of its founder, French writer André Breton (1896-1966). At first a Dadaist, he wrote three manifestos about Surrealism, and opened a studio for "surrealist research."
Influenced by the theories of psychoanalysis.

Front 402

OPPORTUNITY COST

Back 402

OPPORTUNITY COST
The true cost of something is what you give up to get it. This includes not only the money spent in buying (or doing) the something, but also the economic benefits (UTILITY) that you did without because you bought (or did) that particular something and thus can no longer buy (or do) something else. Everything you do has an opportunity cost (see SHADOW PRICE). ECONOMICS is about the efficient use of scarce resources, and the notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensuring that resources are indeed being used efficiently.

Front 403

GNP

Back 403

GNP
Gross national product. It is calculated by adding to GDP the INCOME earned by residents from investments abroad, less the corresponding income sent home by foreigners who are living in the country.

Front 404

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Back 404

REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Number-crunching to discover the relationship between different economic variables. The findings of this statistical technique should always be taken with a pinch of salt. How big a pinch can vary considerably and is indicated by the degree of STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE and R SQUARED. The relationship between a dependent variable (GDP, say) and a set of explanatory variables (DEMAND, INTEREST rates, CAPITAL, UNEMPLOYMENT, and so on) is expressed as a regression equation.

Front 405

CAPITAL

Back 405

CAPITAL
MONEY or ASSETS put to economic use.
One of the 4 ingredients of economic activity, the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, along with LAND, LABOUR and ENTERPRISE. Production processes that use a lot of capital relative to labour are CAPITAL INTENSIVE; those that use comparatively little capital are LABOUR INTENSIVE. Capital takes different forms. A firm’s ASSETS are known as its capital, which may include fixed capital (machinery, buildings, and so on) and working capital (stocks of raw materials and part-finished products, as well as money, that are used up quickly in the production process).

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BONDS

Back 406

BONDS
A bond is an INTEREST-bearing SECURITY issued by governments, companies and some other organisations. Bonds are an alternative way for the issuer to raise capital to selling shares or taking out a bank loan. Like shares in listed companies, once they have been issued bonds may be traded on the open market. Bonds are regarded as a lower RISK INVESTMENT. GOVERNMENT bonds, in particular, are highly unlikely to miss their promised payments. Corporate bonds issued by blue-chip "investment grade" companies are also unlikely to default; this might not be the case with high-yield "junk" bonds issued by firms with less healthy financials.

Front 407

AGOGIC

Back 407

Used of deviations from the strict tempo and rhythm necessary for the subtle performance of a musical phrase.

Front 408

ARABESQUE

Back 408

arabesque (Fr. and Eng.), arabeske (Ger.)
A short piece with decorative qualities (e.g. Debussy, Arabesques).

Front 409

NOTALA

Back 409

atonal
Music which is composed without reference to a KEY (e.g. major, minor or modal). All the expected devices for musical composition, such as melody, chords, rhythm, can be used. However, other methods of tonal organization (including mathematical patterns) are used.

Front 410

CADENCE

Back 410

cadence
A progression of chords in music designed to produce a closing effect, such as at the end of phrases, sections or the composition. Over the years, some chord progressions have come to be known as a standard cadences.

Front 411

LEITMOTIF

Back 411

leitmotif (Ger.)
Leading motif. A recurring theme symbolising a character, emotion or object.First used in a discussion of Wagner's The Ring.

Front 412

PASTICCIO

pastiche (Fr.)

Back 412

pasticcio (It., 'pie')
An operatic work with the material drawn from the works of various composers, especially popular in the 18th century.

pastiche (Fr.)
A piece composed deliberately in the style of another well- known composer. See also pasticcio above.

Front 413

POINTILLISM

Back 413

pointillism
Term taken from painting (referring to pictures using separate dots of colour) and applied to the music of some 20th century composers (e.g. Webern). This described music of a spare and pointed style emplying use of pizzicato.

Front 414

PROGRAMME MUSIC

Back 414

programme music
Music which interprets or describes a story, painting, poem, landscape or emotional experience. Opposite of absolute music.

Front 415

ROMANTIC MUSIC

Back 415

romantic music
A l9th century style expressed by writers, painters and by musicians like Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Rossini and Paganini. Characteristics are Iyricism, chromatic harmony, an interest in literature, nationalism, programme music, miniature or character pieces and generally emotional aspects governing the traditional, formal musical structures.

Front 416

QUANTUM

Back 416

The minimum amount by which certain properties, such as energy or angular momentum, of a system can change. Such properties do not vary continuously but in integral multiples of the relevant quantum. This concept forms the basis of the quantum theory. In waves and fields, the quantum can be regarded as an excitation, giving a particle-like interpretation to the wave or field. Thus, the quantum of the electromagnetic field is the photon and the graviton is the quantum of the gravitational field.

Front 417

PHOTON

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A particle with zero rest mass consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation. The photon may also be regarded as a unit of energy equal to hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the radiation in hertz. Photons travel at the speed of light. They are required to explain the photoelectric effect and other phenomena that require light to have particle character.

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MODAL

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MODAL

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ATTRIBUTE

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ATTRIBUTE

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CORBIE

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The Corbie is a large black bird of ominous aspect. A scavenger. Some believe it to be a symbol of death and decay, due to its preference for scavenging carrion and other dilapidated consumables, but others consider it a good omen. Corbie is also known Crow, Carrion Crow, Stormcrow, Jav’veir, Hravn, Death Bird or Rogue Bird.

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TWA CORBIES

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As I was walking all alane,
I heard twa corbies making a mane;
The tane unto the t'other say,
'Where sall we gang and dine to-day,
Where sall we gang and dine to-day?'

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APATHEIA

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apatheia - 'a lack of feeling'; the Stoic doctrine that man must learn to ignore passions (e.g., fear, greed, grief, joy), which disturb his peace of mind.

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ATARAXIA

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But this is not to say that Epicurus was an atheist. He believed that the gods exist in the interspaces between the innumerable worlds and, because they have no involvement with the world and the troublesome life of mankind, are models of Epicurean ataraxia.

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ALGORITHM

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ALGORITHM
A formal statement, clear complete and unambiguous, of how a certain process needs to be undertaken.

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SARTOR RESARTUS

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It was widely believed that the world had lost its
religious bearings during the Enlightenment and that
men needed to recover them if there were ever again
to be heroes and great works of imagination. In “the
Unbelieving Century” God had become nonexistent or
peripheral and bound by rational categories. Carlyle
vividly describes this feeling of loss in his chapter on
“The Everlasting No” in Sartor Resartus (1833-34),
that great source book for romantic views on God and
religion.

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MODE

Back 426

Mode: The number that occurs most frequently in a set of numbers.

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JUNK BONDS

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Technically known as bonds of “less than investment grade,” they are short-term, high-yield bonds. They were widely used in the 1980s to finance mergers, especially hostile ones.

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MULCT

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The light foolish handling of them by mulcts, fines, &c.; ’tis their glory and their advantage! If the Gallows instead of the Counter, and the galleys instead of the fines; were the reward of going to a conventicle, to preach or hear, there would not be so many sufferers!
(Defoe-The Shortest Way With Dissenters).

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BATHYPELAGIC

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bathypelagic
1.Of, relating to, or living in the depths of the ocean; especially, between about 600 and 3 000 meters (2,000 and 10,000 feet).
2. A reference to creatures living in the bathyal region of an ocean.

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GEOFAN-HUS

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geofon-hūs
ship, vessel (lit. ocean-house', ref. to the Ark)

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PARADOX

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paradox
An absurd truth. Hence, the derivation of an unacceptable conclusion from apparently unquestionable premises by an apparently valid inference. Resolution of a paradox requires that we abandon at least one of the premises, refute the process of inference, or somehow learn to live with the unpalatable result. Zeno used paradoxes to demonstrate the impossibility of motion. Modern semantic paradoxes (such as the liar and the term "heterological") arise from difficulties inherent in self-reference.

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PANPSYCHISM

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panpsychism
Belief that everything in the world has some mental aspect. This view attributes some degree of consciousness—however small—even to apparently inert bits of matter. Varieties of panpsychism have been defended by the Pythagoreans, Plotinus, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, and Whitehead.

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LOGICAL POSITIVISM

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logical positivism
used a strict principle of verifiability to reject as meaningless the non-empirical statements of metaphysics, theology, and ethics. Under the influence of Hume, Russell, and Wittgenstein, the logical positivists regarded as meaningful only statements reporting empirical observations, together with the tautologies of logic and mathematics. The Vienna Circle,Ayer.

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LOGOS
MYTHOS

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logos / mythos
Plato's Greek distinction between two ways of explaining what happens: either by providing an explicit rational account (logos), which combines with belief to form accurate knowledge {Gk. epistêmê} of the essence of things; or merely by telling a story with figurative significance (mythos). The Stoics elevated logos into an active principle that generates the specific "seminal reasons" {Gk. logoi spermatikoi} from which individual things flow. Philo Judaeus fully personified this notion as the divine agent responsible for creation of the world.

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ATTRIBUTE

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ATTRIBUTE
A property or feature possessed by a substance. In the nomenclature of Aquinas and Descartes, attributes are regarded as essential to the substances that have them.

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CORNEL WEST

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West, Cornel (1953- )
American theologian and social philosopher whose The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism (1989) traces the origins of American thought in the work of Emerson and Thoreau. In The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought (1991) and Race Matters (1993), West addresses the significance of racial concerns in contemporary American culture.

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TU QUOQUE

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tu quoque

The informal fallacy of replying to criticism by arguing that one's opponent is guilty of something equally improper.

Example: "Republicans claim that Democrats make illegal use of campaign funds. But they do the same thing themselves, so there is no reason to enforce campaign finance laws."

This fallacy is usefully regarded as a special case of the circumstantial ad hominem argument.

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TRUTH

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truth {Gk.alêtheia; Lat. veritas; Ger. Wahrheit}
The conformity of a proposition to the way things are. Precise analysis of the nature of truth is the subject of the correspondence, coherence, pragmatic, redundancy, and semantic theories of truth.

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LINEAMENT

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LINEAMENT:
One of the outlines, exterior features, or distinctive marks of a body or figure, particularly of the face.
2.A distinguishing or characteristic feature; -- usu the plural.She saw the lined and ageing woman she had become, as if these
lineaments had been waiting to emerge since her features had first been formed.
Anita Brookner.
autobiography... the shape of a well-lived, well-told life we can discern the lineaments of the day and even the age.
every repulsive lineament of poverty, every loathsome indication of filth, rot, and garbage; all these ornament the banks of Folly Ditch.
Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist
lineamentum, "feature, lineament," from linea, "line."

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NATURAL KINDS

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A natural kind is a family of "entities possessing properties bound by natural law; we know of natural kinds in the form of categories of minerals, plants, or animals, and we know that different human cultures classify natural realities that surround them in a completely analogous fashion". Brought into contemporary philosophy by W. V. Quine in his essay "Natural Kinds", where any set of objects forms a kind only if (and perhaps if) it is "projectible", meaning judgments made about some members of that set can plausibly be extended by scientific induction to other members. Hence "raven" and "black" are natural kind terms, because any black raven consistutes at least some evidence that all ravens are black. But "nonblack" and "nonraven" are not, because a nonblack nonraven (say, a red herring) is not evidence that all nonblack things are nonravens.

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NATURAL KINDS

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Natural Kinds

Natural kinds are described rather than defined. We have learned about lemons and experienced them as small, yellow fruit. However, this knowledge does not permit an iff definition. Lemons differ from other fruit in ways we don't yet know about. There is no continuous gradation from lemons to oranges. On the other hand, geneticists could manage to breed large blue lemons by tinkering with the genes, and there might be good reasons to call the resulting fruit lemons.

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COUNTERFACTUAL

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Counterfactuals

An intelligent program will have to use counterfactual conditional sentences, but AI needs to concentrate on useful counterfactuals. An example is ``If another car had come over the hill when you passed just now, there would have been a head-on collision.'' Believing this counterfactual might change one's driving habits, whereas the corresponding material conditional, obviously true in view of the false antecedent, could have no such effect. Counterfactuals permit systems to learn from experiences they don't actually have.

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STANCES

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Four Stances
DD named three stances one can take towards an object or system. The first is the physical stance in which the physical structure of the system is treated. The second is the intentional stance in which the system is understood in terms of its beliefs, goals and intentions. The third is the design stance in which the system is understood in terms of its composition out of parts. One more stance we'll call the functional stance. We take the functional stance toward an object when we ask what it does without regard to its physics or composition. The example I like to give is a motel alarm clock. The user may not notice whether it is mechanical, an electric motor timed by the power line or electronic timed by a quartz crystal.gif Each stance is appropriate in certain conditions.

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GRAMMATICAL INFLEXIONS

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GRAMMATICAL INFLEXIONS

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GRAVAMEN

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GRAVAMEN

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LEXEME

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word as an item of meaning

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GRAVAMEN

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gra·va·men
Burden,gravare to burden, from gravis: the material or significant part of a grievance or complaint.

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RAVITASG

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gravitas
: high seriousness (as in a person's bearing or in the treatment of a subject)

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RABELAISIAN

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Ra·be·lai·sian
Pronunciation:
1 : of, relating to, or characteristic of Rabelais or his works
2 : marked by gross robust humor, extravagance of caricature, or bold naturalism.

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SYLLEPSIS

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A trope. GK "to gather" or "put together." That describes the use of a word in the same grammatical relation to two adjacent words, with the literal sense in one and a metaphorical sense in the other. Flanders and Swann: "She lowered her standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes, and his hopes."

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CHANCE

PROBABILITY

ODDS

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Chances, probability, and odds
Odds refers to the probability that one thing is so or will happen rather than another. Probability names the chance that a given event will occur. And chance is the possibility of a particular outcome in an uncertain situation. Chances are, the odds are such that the probability of half heads, half tails (and probability also refers to the ratio of the number of outcomes in an exhaustive set of equally likely outcomes that produce a given event to the total number of possible outcomes) is excellent.

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JIM CROW

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Jim Crow.
Jim Crow refers to ethnic discrimination, especially against blacks, by either legal enforcement or traditional sanctions. Although Jim Crow personified discrimination, there was no real person by that name. The term comes instead from an 1828 blackface song-and-dance—the precursor to minstrel shows—entitled Jump Jim Crow. Popularized by the white entertainer T.D. "Daddy" Rice, Jump Jim Crow was translated into French and mistaken, according to 19th-century diplomat and explorer John Lloyd Stephens, for the national anthem of the young United States.

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ICTUS

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ICTUS
The recurring stress or accent in a rhythmic or metrical series of sounds; also, the mark indicating the syllable on which such stress or accent occurs.

(See Arsis)
(See also Cadence, Modulation, Rhythm, Sprung Rhythm)

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IM PRO VISITORE

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IMPROVISITORE
An improviser of verse, usually extemporaneously.
(Compare Jongleur, Minstrel, Meistersingers, Minnesingers, Troubadour, Trouvere)

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PASTICHE

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PASTICHE
An artistic effort that imitates or caricatures the work of another artist.
In a pastiche, the imitation of another work is an end in itself. Imitation with the intent to mock the original is a parody.
(Compare Cento)

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PICARESQUE

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PICARESQUE
The term applied to literature dealing sympathetically with the adventures of clever and amusing rogues.

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PURPLE PATCH

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PURPLE PATCH
A term used to describe a passage or section which is in marked contrast to the context and style of the rest of the work, by the obvious heightening of language, diction, and figures of speech.

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ZEUGMA

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ZEUGMA (ZOOG-muh)
A figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is used in the same grammatical and semantic relationship with two or more other words, as in "my father wept for woe while I for joy," or Pope's:

Obliged by hunger, and request of friends.

(See also Syllepsis)
(Compare Ellipsis, Hendiadys, Prolepsis)

A B C D

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PROLEPSIS

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PROLEPSIS (proh-LEP-sus)
The application of an adjective to a noun in anticipation of the action of the verb, as in, "while plows turn the furrowed field."

(Compare Syllepsis)

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PERIPHRASIS

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PERIPHRASIS
The substitution of an elaborate phrase in place of a simple word or expression, as "fragrant beverage drawn from China's herb" for tea. James Thomson's "the bleating kind," for sheep, in The Seasons, and Milton's "he who walked the waves," for Jesus in Lycidas. May be used as a euphemism, embellishment or humor.(Compare Epithet, Kenning)

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PET

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Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging technique that exploits the unique decay physics of positron-emitting isotopes. The isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and fluorine have been used in the development of diagnostically useful biologic compounds that are available for PET imaging in order to provide a functional or metabolic assessment of normal tissues or disease conditions.

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CUT AND RUN

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Cut And Run. Term used towards the end of the 18th century when actors cut their lines and left the stage, for one reason or another.

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REPERTORY

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Repertory Abbrev. to Rep. A form of theatre production company, usually with a permanent company of actors, where each production has a run of limited length. At any time there is normally one production in performance, one in rehearsal, and several in varying degrees of planning.

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KILO
HECTO
DEKA
DECI
CENTI
MILLI
NANO

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kilo- (k-)
10(3)
1 thousand
hecto- (h-)
10(2)
1 hundred
deka- (da-)**
10
1 ten
deci- (d-)
10-1
1 tenth
centi- (c-)
10-2
1 hundredth
milli- (m-)
10-3
1 thousandth
micro- (µ-)
10-6
1 millionth
nano- (n-)
10-9
1 billionth

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MICROGRAM
MILLIGRAM
GRAM

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1000 micrograms = 1 milligram, and 1000 milligrams = 1 gram.

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FANCIES

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FANCIES, sub. love-songs, or songs in general
FANCY, v .t. to love

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MACULATE, adj.
MACULATION

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MACULATE, adj. stained, impure
MACULATION, sub. stain, the spot of guilt

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TERMAGANT

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TERMAGANT, sub. ft supposed Mahomedan female
deity, represented in our old plays as a most
violent character

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POLITY

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Polity is a general term that refers to political organization of a group. It is often used to describe a loosely organized society such as a tribe or community, but can mean any political group including a government or empire, corporation or academy. Subtypes of polities include hierarchical, presbyterial, and congregational.
Aristotle described a polity as rule by the many, who are neither wealthy nor poor, in the interests of the whole community. He believed it to be the ideal form of government somewhere between oligarchy and democracy.

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POLITY

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In any country, a far greater number of individuals descended from the same parents can be supported, when greatly modified in different ways, in habits constitution & structure, so as to fill as many places, as possible, in the polity of nature, than when not at all or only slightly modified.

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TORT

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tort.
French for "wrong," a civil wrong or wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental, from which injury occurs to another.Includes all negligence cases as well as intentional wrongs which result in harm.One of the major areas of law (along with contract, real property and criminal law) and results in more civil litigation than any other category. Some intentional torts may also be crimes, such as assault, battery, wrongful death, fraud, conversion (a euphemism for theft) and trespass on property and form the basis for a lawsuit for damages by the injured party. Defamation, including intentionally telling harmful untruths about another-either by print or broadcast (libel) or orally (slander)-is a tort and used to be a crime as well.

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CORPUS DELICTI

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corpus delicti
n. (corpus dee-lick-tie) Latin for the substantial fact that a crime has been committed, and in popular crime jargon, the body of the murder victim.

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MATERIAL

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material
relevant and significant. In a lawsuit, material evidence is distinguished from irrelevant evidence or of such minor importance that the court will either ignore it, rule it immaterial if objected to, or not allow lengthy testimony upon such a matter. A material breach of a contract is a valid excuse by the other party not to perform. However, an insignificant divergence from the terms of the contract is not a material breach.

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TERM OF ART

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words of art
n. 1) specialized language with meaning peculiar to a particular profession, art, technical work, science or other field of endeavor. 2) jargon known only to people who specialize in a particular occupation.

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PROBATIVE

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probative
adj. in evidence law, tending to prove something. Thus, testimony which is not probative (does not prove anything) is immaterial and not admissible or will be stricken from the record if objected to by opposing counsel.
See also: probative facts probative value

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RECUSE

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recuse
to refuse to be a judge in a lawsuit or appeal because of a conflict of interest or other good reason (acquaintanceship with one of the parties, for example).

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FELON

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felon
n. a person who has been convicted of a felony, which is a crime punishable by death or a term in state or federal prison.
See also: felony

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TENEMENT

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tenement
n. 1) a term found in older deeds or in boiler-plate deed language which means any structure on real property. 2) old run-down urban apartment buildings with several floors reached by stairways.

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ENJOIN

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enjoin
... for a court to order that someone either do a specific act, cease a course of conduct or be prohibited from committing a certain act. injunction ... file a petition for a writ of injunction, serve it on the party he/she/it hopes to be enjoined ...at court hearing... the judge will either grant the writ or deny it. If granted the court will issue permanent injunction.

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BOILERPLATE

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boilerplate
n., adj. slang for provisions in a contract, form or legal pleading which are apparently routine and often preprinted. The term comes from an old method of printing. Today "boilerplate" is commonly stored in computer memory to be retrieved and copied when needed. A layperson should beware that the party supplying the boilerplate form usually has developed supposedly "standard" terms (some of which may not apply to every situation) to favor and/or protect the provider.

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FUNGIBLE

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fungible things
sometimes merely called "fungibles," goods which are interchangeable, often sold or delivered in bulk, since any one of them is as good as another. Grain or gravel are fungibles.

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GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

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grandfather clause
1) a clause in a statute or zoning ordinance (particularly a city ordinance) which permits the operator of a business to be exempt from restrictions on use if the business continues to be used as it was when the law was adopted. Upon passage of the regulation, the specific property may be referred to as "grandfathered in." Example: the city passes an ordinance which does not permit retail businesses in a particular zone, but any existing store can continue to function in the area, even with new owners. However, if the premises stop being a retail outlet then the grandfather clause will lapse. 2) southern state constitutional amendments in the late 1800s to keep blacks from voting, "grandfather clauses" denied voter registration to people who were illiterate, who did not own property or could not pass a test on citizenship obligations, unless their grandfathers had served in the Confederate Army.

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MILLENARIANISM

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MILLENARIANISM
Millenarianism is the belief that, before the final judgment of all mankind, Christ will return to the earth and, together with resurrected saints, will reign over a glorious kingdom which will last a thousand years. The authority for this belief is Revelation 20:1-5, which relates how the cosmic bat-
tles between the divine and the Satanic powers will in part end with the fall of the latter's stronghold,
“Babylon.” An angel will come down from heaven and
imprison the “dragon” for a thousand years (Revised
Standard Version). After this millennium Satan is to
be loosed once more. He will gather the nations of
the earth for one grand last stand, at “Armageddon,”
but he will be defeated. Then he will be thrown into
the “lake of fire” and the universal judgment will
occur, followed by the establishment of the eternal
heavenly state. Events often incorrectly associated with
the millennium, such as the coming of a “new heaven
and a new earth,” are to occur only after this final
victory of God.

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VOLKSGEIST

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VOLKSGEIST
Volksgeist (also Volksseele, Nationalgeist or Geist der
Nation, Volkscharakter, and in English “national char-
acter”) is a term connoting the productive principle of a spiritual or psychic character operating in different
national entities and manifesting itself in various crea-tions like language, folklore, mores, and legal order.

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ANTINOMY

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ANTINOMY
The skeptical method is not skepticism but aims, rather,
at certainty; it is unresolved conflict of assertions which
induces skepticism.

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GNOSTICISM

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GNOSTICISM
A religious movement which flourished alongside and within Christianity and
Judaism during the first three centuries of the Christian
era. Emphasis knowledge (gnōsis) derived from secret revelations and capable of bestowing salvation on the knower. The term should
be differentiated from “Gnosis,” which refers to any
kind of knowledge of divine mysteries reserved for an
elite. In Gnosticism there is a particular kind of Gnosis,
usually involving the notion of a divine spark in man
which needs to be awakened and reintegrated with its
divine source. The awakening and the movement to-
ward reintegration are provided by a revealer-
redeemer who brings knowledge of the way to return
to the divine source, usually through the heavenly
spheres above.

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STOIC ETHICS

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ETHICS OF STOICISM
Athens-Zeno of Citium 400 B.C. Divided for the purposes of exposition into three
subjects: physics, logic, and ethics; but between these
there is a fundamental connection which makes
Stoicism an organic unity, a philosophy of rational
coherence. The ethical goal is life in accordance with
nature, physis, and this is achieved by consistently
rational or “logical” action (kata logon zēn). Physics,
or the understanding of nature, provides the field of
morality with its values; logic grasps the relationship
between statements and events, which enables man to
articulate nature for himself and plan his life accord-
ingly. The significance of such familiar Stoic attitudes
as uncomplaining endurance of hardship and inflexible
will cannot be adequately grasped without reference
to their physical and logical basis.

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STRUCTURALISM

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STRUCTURALISM
entered the vocabulary of biology in the 17C and of language, literature, and philosophy in the 19C. The closely associated notion of “sys- tem” is of course older still. Relate them both to
a third, namely that of “function.” According to the
standard structuralist account, structures are structures of systems; systems function, structures in themselves do not function—but systems function because they
have the structures they do. The system of traffic signals, for example, has the function of controlling traffic; its structure is a binary opposition of red and green lights in alternating sequence. The system may
share its form with other systems having different
functions, but structure is not merely form; form is
something that can be abstracted from matter or con-
tent and considered separately, whereas structure, in the structuralist sense, is precisely the significative (as opposed to the material) content of the system.

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MACHIAVELLISM

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MACHIAVELLISM
Machiavellism has historically come to mean that
effectiveness alone counts in politics; political actions
should not be restricted by considerations of morality,
of good or evil.

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HERMETICISM

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HERMETICISM
The HERMETICA is the body of writings given by God to Egypt's Hermes-Mercurius-Trismegistus,
also thrice-great Thoth, to disseminate among the wise
of all lands. It adopts the Platonic-Christian idea that man must strive to transcend matter and rise to heavenly purity. At the same time, the Hermetica affirms a number of nonclassical, non-Christian ideas about chaos and darkness as sources of life and about
man as divinely creative.

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CHAOS

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chaos


A new branch of science that deals with systems whose evolution depends very sensitively upon the initial conditions. Turbulent flows of fluids (such as white water in a river) and the prediction of the weather are two areas where chaos theory has been applied with some success.

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SATISFICING

Back 492

satisficing
A concept due to Herbert Simon which identifies the decision making process whereby one chooses an option that is, while perhaps not the best, good enough.

Front 493

TROPE

Back 493

trope:
A figure of speech using words in nonliteral ways, such as a metaphor.
Latin tropus, from Greek tropos, turn, figure of speech.
OTHER FORMS: tropi·cal

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TROPE

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TROPE
In rhetoric, a figure of speech which consists in the use of a word or phrase in a sense other than that which is proper to it.
Tropus "a figure of speech," from Gk. tropos "turn, direction, turn or figure of speech," related to trope "a turning" and tropein "to turn," from PIE base trep- "to turn" (cf. Skt. trapate "is ashamed, confused," prop. "turns away in shame;" L. trepit "he turns").

Front 495

ANSCHAUUNG

Back 495

Anschauung "sense-perception," c.1856, from Ger., "mode of view," lit. "looking at," from anschauen "to look at," from M.H.G. aneschouwen (related to show (v.)). A term in Kantian philosophy.

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CALVIN

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Calvinism
Emphasizes predestination and salvation.1) Total depravity: that man is touched by sin in all parts of his being: body, soul, mind, and emotions, 2) Unconditional Election: that God’s favor to Man is completely by God’s free choice and has nothing to do with Man. It is completely undeserved by Man and is not based on anything God sees in man 3) Limited atonement: that Christ did not bear the sins of every individual who ever lived, but instead only bore the sins of those who were elected into salvation 4) Irresistible grace: that God's call to someone for salvation cannot be resisted, 5) Perseverance of the saints: that it is not possible to lose one's salvation.

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DIDACHE

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Didache
Greek "didoskolos" meaning "teacher." The Didache (did-a-kay). It was possibly written around 65-80 A.D. and is supposed to be what the twelve apostles taught to the Gentiles concerning life and death, church order, fasting, baptism, prayer, etc. There is debate as to its authenticity. The work is cited by Eusebius who lived from 260-341 and Athanasius (293-373). The Didache is not inspired, but is valuable as an early church document.

Front 498

HAMARTIOLOGY

Back 498

Hamartiology
The study of the doctrine of sin.

Front 499

EPIDEICTIC ORATORY

Back 499

EPIDEICTIC ORATORY
The dedicatory prefaces to early books and manuscripts are a species of epideictic oratory. Patronage made publication possible.Hence the sometimes long-winded flattery of dedicatory epistles and prefaces. One Renaissance entrepreneur inserted some 30 different dedicatory epistles into the front of different copies of his work, attempting to hedge his chances that this epideictic oratory would move at least one of his potential patrons, to whom he presented the copy.

Front 500

COMMONPLACE

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commonplace koinos topos
Commonplace is "a composition which amplifies inherent evils" (originally described as an amplification of either a virtue or vice, but in practice more the latter). A preparation for the following two exercises, encomium and vituperation, the commonplace differed from these by taking up a general virtue or vice, rather than the specific qualities of a single person. Subjects included gambling, theft, adultery, etc. Sometimes it took up the virtues/vices of specific kinds of persons; e.g., tyrants. See also topics of invention (sometimes named the "commonplaces" and proverbs, maxims, and sententia (all of which are sometimes referred to as "commonplaces")

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RHETORIC

Back 501

Encompassing Terms
Kairos
Audience
Decorum
Persuasive Appeals
Logos
Pathos
Ethos
"Branches" of Oratory
Judicial
Deliberative
Epideictic

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INVENTION

Back 502

invention/inventio/heuresis
The five canons: invention
arrangement
style
memory
delivery
Invention is finding something to say (invenire, to find.). Certain common categories of thought became conventional to use in order to brainstorm for material. These common places (places = topoi in Greek) are called the topics of invention. They include, for example, cause and effect, comparison, and various relationships.
Invention is tied to the rhetorical appeal of logos, oriented to what an author would say rather than how this might be said. Invention describes the argumentative, persusive core of rhetoric. Aristotle defines rhetoric primarily as invention, "discovering the best available means of persuasion." An important procedure that formed part of this finding process was stasis.

Front 503

BARBARISM

Back 503

barbarism barbarism
bar'-bar-ism from barbarizein, "to act like a foreigner"
barbarismus

The use of nonstandard or foreign speech (see cacozelia); the use of a word awkwardly forced into a poem's meter; or unconventional pronunciation.
Like solecisms, barbarisms are possible according to each of the four categories of change.
Examples
To you he appeals that knew him ab extrema pueritia, whose placet he accounts the plaudite of his pains, thinking his day-labor was not altogther lavish'd sine linea if there be anything of all in it that doth olere Atticum in your estimate. —Thomas Nash, Preface to Greene's Menaphon

Pronouncing "bourgeoisie" as "bur-goy'-zee"

Front 504

SOLECISM

Back 504

solecism, solecismos
Gk. speaking incorrectly (referred to those who spoke Greek imperfectly at Soloi)
solecismus, solecismos
inconveniens structura
An element of speech or writing that is incorrect grammatically.
Like barbarisms, solecisms are possible according to each of the four categories of change.

Front 505

LAW OF THE EXCLUDED MIDDLE

Back 505

Law of excluded middle
or the principle of tertium non datur, is formulated in traditional logic as "A is B or A is not B ". It is conventional in contemporary logical systems to give the same name to the axiom or theorem of propositional logic that typically takes the syntactic form p ∨ ¬p, where p is a propositional variable, "∨" means "or", and "¬" means "not".
For example, if P is Joe is bald then the inclusive disjunction Joe is bald, or Joe is not bald is true.
This is not quite the same as the principle of bivalence, which states that P must be either true or false. It also differs from the law of noncontradiction, which states that ¬(P ∧ ¬P) is true. The law of excluded middle only says that the total (P ∨ ¬P) is true, but does not comment on what truth values P itself may take. In any case, the semantics of any bivalent logic will assign opposite truth values to P and ¬P (i.e., if P is true, then ¬P is false), so the law of excluded middle will be equivalent to the principle of bivalence in a bivalent logic. However, the same cannot be said about non-bivalent logics, or many-valued logics.
Certain systems of logic may reject bivalence by allowing more than two truth values (e.g.; true, false, and indeterminate; true, false, neither, both), but accept the law of excluded middle. In such logics,(P ∨ ¬P) may be true while P and ¬P are not assigned opposite truth-values like true and false, respectively.
Some logics do not accept the law of excluded middle, most notably intuitionistic logic. The article bivalence and related laws discusses this issue in greater detail.
The law of excluded middle can be misapplied, leading to the logical fallacy of the excluded middle, also known as a false dilemma.

Front 506

DISTRIBUTION

Back 506

Distributed
A term in a categorical proposition is distributed if and only if the proposition implies every proposition that results from replacing the term with a more specific term.

Example: The subject term "mammals" in "all mammals are animals" is distributed because the proposition implies "all cats are animals", "all dogs are animals", "all humans are animals", etc. In contrast, the predicate term "animals" is not distributed because the proposition doesn't imply that all mammals are cats.
Distribution
A characteristic of terms in categorical propositions which are either distributed or undistributed.

Front 507

GDP

Back 507

GDP
The total value of goods produced and services provided in one year.

Front 508

GDP

Back 508

GNP + TOTAL NET INCOME FROM ABROAD

Front 509

ANAGOGUE

Back 509

an·a·go·ge also an·a·go·gy n. pl. an·a·go·ges also an·a·go·gies
A mystical interpretation of a word, passage, or text, especially scriptural exegesis that detects allusions to heaven or the afterlife.
[Late Latin anagg, from Late Greek, spiritual uplift, from anagein, to lift up : ana-, ana- + agein, to lead; see ag- in Indo-European roots.]

Front 510

ENCYCLOPEDIC FORM

Back 510

Encyclopaedic Form:
A genre presenting an anagogic form of symbolism, such as a sacred scripture, or its analogues in other modes. The term includes the Bible, Dante's Commedia, the great epics, and the works of Joyce and Proust.

Front 511

MASQUE

Back 511

Masque:
A species of drama in which music and spectacle play an important role and in which the characters tend to be or become aspects of human personality rather than independent characters.

Front 512

MELOS

Back 512

Melos:
The rhythm, movement, and sound of words; the aspect of literature which is analogous to music, and often shows some actual relation to it. From Aristotle's melopoeia.

Front 513

TRANSLATIVE

Back 513

tran·sla·tive (trnsl-tv)
adj.
1. Of or relating to the transfer or movement of a person or thing to another place.
2. Relating to or used in the translation of a language.
3. Linguistics Of, relating to, or being the grammatical case indicating the state into which one passes in certain languages, as in Finnish (Tule) terveeksi! "(Get) well!"
n. Linguistics
1. The translative case.
2. A word or form in the translative case.

Front 514

STASIS

Back 514

Questions to find Stasis/Kind of Question/Kind of Stasis
Did he do it?/of Fact/Conjectural Stasis
What did he do?/of Definition/Definitional Stasis
Was it just or expedient?/of Quality/Qualitative Stasis
Is this the right venue for this issue?/of Jurisdiction/Translative
Stasis.

Front 515

STASIS

Back 515

In rhetorical theory a stasis is the issue on which a case hinges, for example whether something actually happened, or, granted that it happened, whether what happened was a crime, or, granted that it happened and that it was a crime, what degree of blame attaches to it.

Front 516

LANDSCAPE

Back 516

Thus they their doubtful consultations dark
Ended, rejoicing in their matchless Chief:
As, when from mountain-tops the dusky clouds
Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'erspread
Heaven's cheerful face, the louring element
Scowls o'er the darkened landscape snow or shower,
If chance the radiant sun, with farewell sweet,
Extend his evening beam, the fields revive,
The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds
Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings.

Front 517

No man has ever lived that had enough

Back 517

No man has ever lived that had enough
Of children’s gratitude or woman’s love.
Yeats

Front 518

INSTRUMENTAL

Back 518

all our 'intrinsic' values started out as instrumental values,. This conviction about the primacy of the instrumental is a solemn requirement of science. Cui bono? who benefits — is even more central in evolutionary biology than in the law, and so we must seek the biological utilities of what might otherwise seem like a gratuitous outlay. An anxiety about the reality of nonbiological meanings troubles Dennett's every page.

Front 519

PURLIEUS

Back 519

purlieu
noun purlieus
1. The surroundings or immediate neighbourhood of a place.
environment, ambiance, vicinity, area, locale, district, neighbourhood.
purlieus (usually)2. Someone's usual haunts.
purlieus (usually)3. history.
An area of land on the edge of a forest which was once considered part of the forest, and which still remained subject to some of its governing laws, even after separation.
French puralé a going through.

Front 520

REGRESSION EQUATION

Back 520

The relationship between a dependent variable (GDP, say) and a set of
explanatory variables (DEMAND, INTEREST rates, CAPITAL, UNEMPLOYMENT,
and so on) is expressed as a regression equation.

Front 521

PURVIEW

Back 521

purview
noun
formal or technical:
1. Scope of responsibility or concern, eg of a court of law.
2. The range of someone's knowledge, experience or activities.
3. law.
The body or enacting part of a statute, as distinct from the preamble.
French purveu provided, from porveier to purvey.

Front 522

PURBLIND

Back 522

purblind
adj
1. Nearly blind; dim-sighted.
2. Dull-witted; obtuse.
‘completely blind'; from pure + blind.

Front 523

RECURSION

Back 523

Recursion
A recursive process is one in which objects are defined in terms of other objects of the same type. Using some sort of recurrence relation, the entire class of objects can then be built up from a few initial values and a small number of rules. The Fibonacci numbers are most commonly defined recursively. Care, however, must be taken to avoid self-recursion, in which an object is defined in terms of itself, leading to an infinite nesting.

Front 524

STREW

Back 524

strew
v strewed (past tense), strewed (past participle), strewn, strewing (present participle)
1. To scatter untidily.
Papers were strewn across the floor 2. To cover with an untidy scattering.
The floor was strewn with papers
OE streowian.

Front 525

ANASARKAS

Back 525

anasarkas
*A condition in which a person is so swollen that they appear to have no muscles

Front 526

LESE-MAJESTE

Back 526

lèse-majesté, lese majesty
(“injured majesty”).“an offense against a sovereign” or, more generally, any slight or insult that wounds someone’s dignity.

Front 527

BIEN PENSANT

Back 527

bien-pen·sant
: right-minded : one who holds orthodox views

Front 528

INGENUOUS

Back 528

an ingenuous optimism even in these dangerous times.

Front 529

CEREBRAL AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY

Back 529

Amyloid deposition in the walls of arteries, arterioles, and, less often, capillaries and veins of the central nervous system. 30% > 60yrs. By contrast, 80% to 90% of autopsy-confirmed cases of Alzheimer disease (AD) show at least a mild degree of CAA, and about 25% show moderate to
severe CAA.
Superficial lobar hemorrhage is the main clinical manifestation of CAA,
which otherwise usually remains clinically silent.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy–associated hemorrhage accounts for
approximately 11% of all cerebral hemorrhages among older persons. It can also cause infarction and ischemic leucoencephalopathy. The presence of the apolipoprotein 4 genotype has been identified as an important risk factor for sporadic and AD-related CAA.

Front 530

PLENARY

Back 530

PLENARY
1. complete as, plenary authority.
2. Fully attended by all qualified members.
plenary and exclusive power of the President. Plenus, "full." It is related to plenty.

Front 531

PASTELS

Back 531

macabre watercolors depicting angels, sarcophagi, moonlit graveyards, arm-linked spirits — rendered in a subtle range of grays, black and pastels.

Front 532

TATE BRITAIN

Back 532

That the works may end up scattered is a bitter prospect for Tate Britain, one of the world's most important repositories of Blake's
works.

Front 533

NEOCONSERVATIVES

Back 533

Neoconservatism
The most important inheritance from the C.C.N.Y. group was an idealistic belief in social progress and the universality of rights, coupled with intense anti-Communism.
The danger of good intentions carried to extremes was a theme that would underlie the life work of many members
of this group.

Front 534

ahi dura terra, perché non t'apristi?

INFERNO XXXIII,

Back 534

ahi dura terra, perché non t'apristi?
Oh, hard earth, why didn't you open up?

Front 535

DOULA

Back 535

DOULA
A woman who assists during childbirth labor and provides support to the mother, her child and the family after
childbirth.
postpartum care workers (or doulas) to frazzled new moms.
Unlike midwives, who deliver babies and are licensed to perform medical tasks, labor doulas provide emotional and physical support to the laboring parents.
G doula, "servant-woman, slave."

Front 536

APOTHEGM
apothegmatic.

Back 536

APOTHEGM:
A short, witty, and instructive saying. Lord Acton's famous apothegm, "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely." The rare talent of compressing a mass of profound thought into an apophthegm.
Apothegm Greek apophthegma, from apophthengesthai, "to speak one's opinion plainly," from apo-, intensive prefix + phthengesthai, "to speak." The adjective form is
apothegmatic.

Front 537

MANSE

Back 537

manse
1. A large and imposing residence.
2. The residence of a clergyman.
A two-story white Greek Revival manse, with a front porch and a terrace in the back.
living in this weird gothic Victorian manse.
Medieval Latin mansa, "a dwelling," from Latin manere, "to dwell; to remain."

Front 538

SCRABBLE

Back 538

scrabble
verb, intr scrabbled, scrabbling
1. To scratch, grope or struggle frantically.
2. To scrawl.
noun
1. An act of scrabbling.
Dutch schrabben, to scratch.

Front 539

PARVENU

Back 539

parvenu
One that has recently or suddenly risen to a higher social or economic class but has not gained social acceptance of others in that class; an upstart.
a parvenu with ideas above his station.
However, the Creoles, French, Spanish, and Acadians who preceded the American parvenus were deeply entrenched.
When John Stewart Parnell went up to Magdalene College,
Cambridge in 1865 he found that "the sons of moneyed
parvenus from the North of England tried to liken
themselves to country gentlemen and succeeded in looking like stable boys."
The Progressives were of the educated middle class, angry
at the rule of parvenu financiers and industrialists.
Pervenire, "to come through to, to arrive at, to reach, hence to succeed," from per, "through" + venire, "to come."

Front 540

CRAPULOUS

Back 540

CRAPULOUS:
1. Suffering the effects of, or derived from, or suggestive of gross intemperance, especially in drinking; as, a crapulous stomach.
2. Marked by gross intemperance, especially in drinking; as, a crapulous old reprobate.
Crapulous is from Late Latin crapulosus, from Latin crapula, from Greek kraipale, drunkenness and its consequences, nausea, sickness, and headache.

Front 541

ULULATE

Back 541

ULULATE, intransitive:
To howl, as a dog or a wolf; to wail; as, ululating jackals.
his grieving family visiting his grave, ululating as only the relatives of martyrs may.
She wanted to ululate and raise her hands to the heavens.
like Janis Joplin she made notes break and ululate.
Ululare, to howl, to yell,
ultimately of imitative origin.
ululation;
ululant.

Front 542

CONTRADISTINCTION

Back 542

contradistinction:
Distinction by contrast; as, "sculpture in contradistinction to painting."
American novelists increasingly fixed their boldest inventions on their own early years-- in contradistinction to postwar writers who vigorously peeled away World War II and the social fabric of the 1950's.
The music was breathing constantly, in contradistinction to the willfully suffocated feeling of most heavy music.
Contradistinction is contra-, contra,"against" + distinction, from Latin distinctio, from distinguere, "to distinguish."

Front 543

PERAMBULATE

Back 543

PERAMBULATE,
1.to stroll; as, "he perambulated in the park."
1. To walk through or over.
2. To travel over for the purpose of surveying or inspecting.
the New Yorkers slowly perambulate up and down.
At Syon, we perambulate a succession of rooms of the
greatest magnificence.
you can perambulate the shoreline.
She liked to perambulate the room with a duster in her
hand.
per, "through" + ambulare, "to walk."
perambulation.

Front 544

TOPIARY

Back 544

Art of creating sculptures in clipped shrubs.
TOPIARIUS An ornamental landscape gardener.

Front 545

COUNTERMAND

Back 545

countermand; To revoke (a former command)
noun:
A contrary order.
OF contremander, from
contre-, "counter" (from Latin contra) + mander, "to command" (from Latin mandare).

Front 546

SIMULACRUM

Back 546

simulacrum;
simulacra
1.An image; a representation.
2.An insubstantial, superficial, or vague likeness or semblance.
Incorporating simulacra of historic buildings and exotic landscapes the Emperor saw on his extensive travels through his dominions, the villa is high-style multiculturalism.
It becomes harder... to distinguish the genuine from its simulacrum.
a pale simulacrum of the man he had been.
like washed out ghosts of real things, waxen simulacra of themselves.
simulare, "to make like, to
put on an appearance of," from similis, "like." It is related
to simulate and similar.

Front 547

DILETTANTE

Back 547

Dilettante comes from the present participle of Italian delittare, "to delight," from Latin delectare, "to delight,"
frequentative of delicere, "to allure," from de- + lacere, "to entice."

Front 548

LARGESSE

Back 548

largesse OF largesse, "largeness, generosity,"
L. Largus, "plentiful, generous."

Front 549

SHEMA

Back 549

(Hebrew: “Hear”), the Jewish confession of faith made up of three scriptural texts (Deuteronomy 6:4–9, 11:13–21; Numbers 15:37–41), which, together with appropriate prayers, forms an integral part of the evening and morning services. The name derives from the initial word of the scriptural verse “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord” (Deuteronomy 6:4).

Front 550

DIVESTITURE

Back 550

Britain's Chief Rabbi, Sir Jonathan Sacks, assailed the Church
of England today for supporting divestiture from companies whose
products support Israeli policies in Gaza and the West Bank.

Front 551

LAPIDATION

Back 551

Noun
lapidation - pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death)

Front 552

La lapidation est une --- --- dans le Coran et la Sunnah.

Back 552

La lapidation est une sanction décrétée dans le Coran et la Sunnah.

Front 553

UNDERCUT

Back 553

TRANSITIVE VERB: To diminish or destroy the province or effectiveness of; undermine:The partnership between the United States and Western Europe is undercut by diverging economic interests. 2. To sell at a lower price than or to work for lower wages or fees than (a competitor).

Front 554

PURLIEU

Back 554

NOUN: 1. An outlying or neighboring area. 2. purlieus Outskirts; the environs. 3. A place that one frequents.
ETYMOLOGY:Middle English purlewe, piece of land on the edge of a forest, probably alteration (influenced by Old French lieu, place) of porale, purale, royal perambulation, from Old French porale, from poraler, to traverse : por-, forth (from Latin pr-; see pro–1) + aler, aller, to go; see alley1.

Front 555

PROBITY

Back 555

PROBITY
Complete and confirmed integrity; uprightness.
some probity must be restored.
This exemplar of financial probity was enriching himself at public expense.
Probitas, from probus, "good, upright, virtuous."

Front 556

PURVIEW

Back 556

NOUN: 1. The extent or range of function, power, or competence; scope. See synonyms at range. 2. Range of vision, comprehension, or experience; outlook. 3. Law The body, scope, or limit of a statute.
ETYMOLOGY: Alteration (influenced by view) of Middle English purveu, proviso, from Anglo-Norman purveu est, it is provided (from the use of this word to introduce a proviso), past participle of purveier, to provide. See purvey.

Front 557

ALL OUR ... VALUES STARTED OUT
AS ... VALUES

Back 557

All our INTRINSIC values started out as INSTRUMENTAL values

Front 558

UNDERCUT

Back 558

TRANSITIVE VERB:*1.* To diminish or destroy the province or effectiveness of; undermine: “The partnership between the United States and Western Europe is undercut by diverging economic interests”/ (Scott Sullivan). *2.* To
sell at a lower price than or to work for lower wages or fees than (a competitor).

Front 559

the court has had to contend with ... witness testimony.

Back 559

the court has had to contend with flaccid witness testimony

Front 560

NUMINOUS

It has all the --- force of a ritual.

Back 560

it has all the numinous force of a ritual.
All Quests are concerned with some numinous Object, the
Waters of Life, the Grail, buried treasure, etc.
Our culture is not much concerned with the numinous, but in
language we preserve many of the marks of a culture that is.
My sense of the numinous is generally keenest upstate, in
the fields and forest that surround my old schoolhouse.
Numen, literally a "nod of the head" (as in giving a command), hence "divine power."

Front 561

OBLOQUY

Back 561

ob-, "against" + loqui, "to speak."

Front 562

LINEAMENT

Back 562

LINEAMENT:
One of the outlines or distinctive marks of a body.
the lineaments of the day and even the age.
every repulsive lineament of poverty, every loathsome indication of filth, rot, and garbage.

Front 563

SALUTARY

Back 563

Salutaris, from salus, salut-, "health."

Front 564

SPOONY

Back 564

SPOONY:
Foolishly or sentimentally in love.

Spoony is from the slang term spoon, meaning "a simpleton or a silly person."

Front 565

CHAOS

Back 565

cha·os the·o·ry
*theory of apparent randomness: *a theory that complex natural systems
obey rules but are so sensitive that small initial changes can cause unexpected final results, thus giving an impression of randomness.

Front 566

TENDENTIOUS

Back 566

Marked by a strong tendency in favor of a particular point of view.
...like political pamphleteering--tendentious.
... art that is tendentious and therefore not terribly artistically interesting.
... All types of social disagreements seem to be routed inexorably into the tendentious jargon of legal reasoning.
tendentia, from tendens, tendent-, present participle of tendere, "to stretch, to direct one's course to, to be inclined." It is related to tendency.

Front 567

I was ... enough to think her Agrippine very fine.
Henry James, "The Théâtre Français"

Back 567

I was verdant enough to think her Agrippine very fine.
Henry James, The Théâtre Français.

Front 568

un point commun entre journalistes et sociologues: ils seraient ... par la ....

Back 568

un point commun entre journalistes et sociologues: ils seraient phagocytés par la bien-pensance.

Front 569

OBEDIENCE

OBEYED

Back 569

*gehiersumnesse*: obedience

*gehiersumodest*: obeyed

Front 570

GRAINS OF SAND

Back 570

SANDCEOSOL: grains of sand
Chelsea: in the 16th century it is Chelcith. The later termination ey or ea was associated with the insular character of the land, and the prefix with a gravel bank (ceosol; cf. Chesil Bank, Dorsetshire) thrown up by the river; but the early suffix hythe is common in the meaning of a haven.

Front 571

SANDCASTLE

Back 571

CASTELLUM (dim CASTRUM).

Front 572

CEOSOL

Back 572

A.S. ceosol, pebble bank

Front 573

sand-ceosol

Back 573

Matthew VII 24-27
... þæm dysigan menn, þe getimbrode his hus ofer sand-ceosol. Þa rinde hit, and þær comon flod, and bleowon windas ..

Front 574

Matthew VII 24-27

Back 574

Matthew VII 24-27

Ælc þara þe þas min word gehierþ, and þa wyrcþ, biþ gelic þæm wisan were, se his hus ofer stan getimbrode. Þa com þær regen and micel flod, and þær bleowon windas, and ahruron on þæt hus, and hit na ne feoll: soþlice hit wæs ofer stan getimbrod.

And ælc þara þe gehierþ þas min word, and þa ne wyrcþ, se biþ gelic þæm dysigan menn, þe getimbrode his hus ofer sand-ceosol. Þa rinde hit, and þær comon flod, and bleowon windas, and ahruron on þæt hus, and þæt hus feoll; and his hryre wæs micel.

Front 575

Every one therefore that heareth these my words, and doth them...
And every one that heareth these my words, and doth them not...

Back 575

Every one therefore that heareth these my words, and doth them, shall be likened to a wise man that built his house upon a rock, 25 And the rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and they beat upon that house, and it fell not, for it was founded on a rock.

26 And every one that heareth these my words, and doth them not, shall be like a foolish man that built his house upon the sand (þe getimbrode his hus ofer sand-ceosol), 27 And the rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and they beat upon that house, and it fell, and great was the fall thereof.

Front 576

SOFT
Gk soft.

Back 576

Old French amalgame, from Medieval Latin amalgama, probably from Greek malagma, "emollient," from
malassein, "to soften," from malakos, "soft."

Front 577

The ... of reviewing reviews are ---.

Back 577

The opportunity costs of reviewing reviews are unjustifiable.

Front 578

INTERCESSORY PRAYER

Back 578

You mention the validity of intercessory prayer

Front 579

ABJECTION

Back 579

The second of Kristeva's hallmark ideas is what she calls "abjection". Why, Kristeva inquires, are we fascinated by things that disgust and horrify us? As she put it in her essay on the subject: "There looms, within abjection, one of those violent, dark revolts of being, directed against a threat that seems to emanate from an exorbitant outside or inside, ejected beyond the scope of the possible, the tolerable, the thinkable. It lies there, quite close, but it cannot be assimilated. It beseeches, worries, and fascinates desire, which, nevertheless, does not let itself be seduced."

Front 580

As is well known to every researcher in ... ..., such studies are based on modern genetic data back-projected into historical times using very iffy theoretical models of ... .... The result is that the ... ... are literally thousands of years long in every such study.

Back 580

As is well known to every researcher in population genetics, such studies are based on modern genetic data back-projected into historical times using very iffy theoretical models of genetic drift. The result is that the error bars are literally thousands of years long in every such study.

Front 581

OPPORTUNITY COST

THE COST OF THE --- --- --- ---.

Back 581

THE COST OF THE MOST VALUABLE FOREGONE ALTERNATIVE.

Front 582

TRADUCE

Back 582

Calumniate; vilify; defame; slander.

Front 583

GROOVED JAMBS

Back 583

Grating or framework of strong bars of wood or iron, sharp-pointed at their lower ends, sliding vertically in the grooved jambs of a fortified portal as a protection in case of assault.

Front 584

CORMORANT

Back 584

Cormorants devour fish voraciously, and have become the emblem of gluttony.
A gluttonous, greedy, or rapacious person.
Coleridge was precocious and from the first displayed a voracious appetite for books. He later characterised himself as "a library cormorant."

Front 585

SUCCOR

---, "to run under, to run or hasten to the aid or assistance of someone," from ---, "---" + ---, "to ---."

Back 585

Succurrere, "to run under, to run or hasten to the aid or assistance of someone," from sub-, "under" + currere, "to run."

Front 586

STOLID

Back 586

STOLID
Having or revealing little emotion or sensibility; not easily excited.
Ulster Protestants are a slow, stolid, quiet, decent,
law-abiding people, unstylish and unfashionable.

Stolid derives from Latin stolidus, "unmoving, stupid."

Front 587

PATERFAMILIAS

Back 587

paterfamilias
The male head of a household or the father of a family.
Paterfamilias is from Latin pater, "father" + familias, "of the family or household," the archaic genitive form of familia, "family or household."

Front 588

AUBADE

Back 588

AUBADE
A song or poem greeting the dawn; also, a composition suggestive of morning.
He was usually still awake when the birds began to warble their aubade.
F, from aube, dawn + the noun suffix -ade: aube ultimately derives from Latin albus, white, pale, as in "alba lux," the "pale light" of dawn.

Front 589

INTUITION

Back 589

In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, intuition is one of the basic cognitive faculties, equivalent to what might loosely be called perception. Kant held that our mind casts all of our external intuitions in the form of space, and all of our internal intuitions (memory, thought) in the form of time.

Front 590

COUNTERINTUITIVE

Back 590

A counterintuitive proposition is one that does not seem likely to be true using intuition or gut feelings.
Scientifically discovered, objective truths are often called counter-intuitive when intuition, emotions, and other cognitive processes outside of deductive rationality interpret them to be wrong. However, the subjective nature of intuition limits the objectivity of what to call counter-intuitive because what is counter-intuitive for one may be intuitive for another.
Flawed understanding of a problem may lead to counter-productive behavior with undesirable outcomes. In some such cases, counter-intuitive policies may then produce a more desirable outcome. For example, a policy of catching large fish and throwing back small ones so may be counter-productive. In response to that policy, evolutionary pressure may select for small fish. A counter-intuitive improvement may be to catch only medium sized fish, leaving the biggest free to breed, creating evolutionary pressure for fish to grow quickly through the medium size.

Front 591

PARADOX

Back 591

A situation which is or appears to be true but violates our intuition is called a paradox (a paradox can also be a logical self-contradiction). An example of this is the Birthday paradox.

Front 592

APORIA

Back 592

voice of the interlocutor Everything has an essence.
voice of aporia But is this true?
voice of clarity It seems that this notion has been a presumption.

Front 593

IT GOES HARDEST WITH US

Back 593

of him, inevitably, it goes hardest with us to be told that we have nothing, or next to nothing.''

Front 594

TENDERE

Back 594

Medieval Latin tendentia, from Latin tendens, tendent-, present participle of tendere, "to stretch, to direct one's course to, to be inclined." It is related to tendency.

Front 595

EMOLLIENT

Back 595

Emollients are substances which soften and soothe the skin. They are used to correct dryness and scaling of the skin.

Front 596

SKEWER

Back 596

Canetti had some reputation as an analyst who could skewer people in a paragraph.

Front 597

EPATER LE BOURGEOIS

Back 597

épater le bourgeois.
to shock the middle classes

Front 598

NIGGARDLY

Back 598

niggardly
adjective
grudgingly mean about spending or granting.
COSTIVE.

Front 599

QUESTION

Back 599

quaestion-, quaestio, from quaerere to seek, ask
a subject or aspect in dispute or open for discussion : ISSUE; broadly : PROBLEM, MATTER c (1) : a subject or point of debate or a proposition to be voted on in a meeting (2) : the bringing of such to a vote d : the specific point at issue
(c/w INQUIRY)

Front 600

ATONAL

Back 600

marked by avoidance of traditional musical tonality; especially : organized without reference to key or tonal center and using the tones of the chromatic scale impartially

Front 601

TONE

Back 601

vocal or musical sound of a specific quality <spoke in low tones> <masculine tones>; especially : musical sound with respect to timbre and manner of expression

Front 602

MOBIUS STRIP

Back 602

A surface is orientable if it has two sides so that, for example, is it possible to paint it with two different colours. A sheet of paper or the surface of a sphere are examples of orientable surfaces. A Mobius strip is a non-orientable surface: you can build one with a strip of paper (twist the strip and glue end together to form a ring) and verify that it has only one side: it is not possible to paint it with two colours.

Front 603

ERROR BAR

Back 603

Error bars allow you to graphically illustrate actual errors, the statistical probability of errors, or a general approximation or "spread" in your data. Examples might include experimental errors in measurement or atypical data points in comparison to the rest of the data.

Error bars appear as 2 short dashes for the upper and lower values of the spread, with a line connecting the 2 dashes at their centres. These 3 parts of the error bar are treated as 1 chart element in the chart, so you can, for example, make an all-red error bar, but you cannot make red dashes with a blue connecting line.You can choose error bar options for all data series, or for an individual data series with different parameters for the upper and lower error bars.

Front 604

AFFECTIVE FORCASTING

Back 604

when it comes to predicting exactly how you will feel in the future, you are most likely wrong.

Front 605

impassive, wooden, unemotional, sober, apathetic, indifferent, plodding, unimaginative, unexcitable; obtuse, slow; Antonym: interested, lively.

Back 605

STOLID

Front 606

GONZO

Back 606

GONZO
Sinonimi: credulone, sempliciotto, bestia, coglione, cretino
Contrari: astuto, esperto

Front 607

CULPA

Back 607

a bad deed, misdeed, outrage, villainy, crime
culpa, peccatum, delictum, flagitium, scelus, crimen, etc.

Front 608

ESTOLIDO

Back 608

es·tó·li·do -da
adj.
dull, stupid

Front 609

After all the literary-theoretical fuss about ---, ---, --- of meaning, and the endlessness of ---, it is salutary to be reminded that Wittgenstein, unlike Stanley Fish or Jacques Derrida, by no means believed that interpretation goes all the way down.

Back 609

After all the literary-theoretical fuss about textuality, ambiguity, indeterminacy of meaning, and the endlessness of interpretation, it is salutary to be reminded that Wittgenstein, unlike Stanley Fish or Jacques Derrida, by no means believed that interpretation goes all the way down.

Front 610

TERMAGANT

Back 610

-A scolding, nagging, bad-tempered woman; a shrew.

Adjective& N
Overbearing; shrewish; scolding.
The termagant who ruled cytology.

Front 611

WHETSTONE

Back 611

WHETSTONE
1.Sharpening stone.
2.A thing that sharpens the senses etc.

Front 612

TOUCHSTONE

Back 612

TOUCHSTONE

Front 613

CONFUTE

Back 613

CONFUTE
A specious theory is confuted by this free and perfect experiment.
--Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Front 614

REFUTARE

Back 614

... deinde contraria refutare; tum autem alii conclusionem orationis et quasi perorationem conlocant, alii iubent, ante quam peroretur, ornandi aut augendi ...

Front 615

CONFUTARE

Back 615

RESTRAIN

Front 616

BRAVURA

Back 616

...gradually easing out of certain bravura roles while he could still dance them at top form.
BRAVURA:
1. Music. a florid passage or piece requiring great skill and spirit in the performer.
2. a display of daring; brilliant performance.
3. Music. spirited; florid; brilliant (applied chiefly to vocal but occasionally to instrumental compositions).
It: spirit, dash.

Front 617

TURGID

Back 617

Make France's turgid labor laws more flexible.

Front 618

DRAMATURGY

Back 618

"lasagna" dramaturgy and "matzo" dramaturgy

Front 619

DRAMATURGY

Back 619

Dramaturgy is the art of dramatic composition and staging. Some dramatists combine writing and dramaturgy when creating a drama. Others work with a DRAMATURG, to adapt a work to the stage.
Dramaturgy can also be defined, more broadly, as shaping a story or like elements into a form that can be acted. Dramaturgy gives the work or the performance a structure. More than actual writing, a dramaturge's work can often be defined as designing.

Front 620

DRAMATURGE

Back 620

dram·a·turge
A writer or adapter of plays; a playwright.
French, from Greek drmatourgos : drma, drmat-, drama; see drama + ergon, work; see werg- .

Front 621

WERG

Back 621

WERG IE Roots werg-To do. Oldest form *wer-, becoming *werg- in centum languages.
Derivatives: work, allergy, surgery, wrought, and orgy.
I. Suffixed form *werg-o-. 1a. work; handiwork, from OE weorc, werc, work; b. boulevard, bulwark, from OHG werc, work. Both a and b from Germanic *werkam, work. 2. erg, ergative, –urgy; adrenergic, allergy, argon, cholinergic, demiurge, dramaturge,energy,ergonomics, georgic, lethargy, liturgy, metallurgy, surgery,synergism, thaumaturge, from Greek ergon, work, action.
II. Zero-grade form *wg-. 1. Suffixed forms *wg-yo-, *wg-to-. a. wrought, from Old English wyrcan, to work; b. irk, from Old Norse yrkja, to work. Both a and b from Germanic *wurkjan, to work, participle *wurhta-. 2. Suffixed form *wg-t-. wright, from Old English wryhta, maker, wright, from Germanic *wurhtj-.
III. O-grade form *worg-. a. organ, organon, from Greek organon (with suffix -ano-), tool; b. orgy, from Greek orgia, secret rites, worship (service).

Front 622

CENTUM

Back 622

centum ADJ.
Designating those Indo-European languages, including the Italic, Hellenic, Celtic and Germanic subfamilies, that merged the palatal velar stops with the plain velars k, g, gh and maintained a distinction between them and the labiovelars kw, gw, gwh.
ETYMOLOGY: Latin, hundred (a word whose initial sound in classical Latin illustrates the preservation of the Indo-European palatal velar as a velar k).

Front 623

TONIC

Back 623

The note upon which a scale or key is based; the first note of a scale or key; the keynote.

Front 624

SUBLIMINAL

Back 624

subliminal
adj
subliminally
adverb
from sub + Latin limen threshold.

Front 625

LIMINAL

Back 625

liminal
adjective technical
1 relating to a transitional or initial stage.
2 at a boundary or threshold.
liminality noun.
Latin limen ‘threshold’.
liminal, lawless, deprived and depraved.

Front 626

FoxP2 GENE

Back 626

FoxP2, mutatation of which is associated with language problems in people.An inability to correctly pronounce words or form them into grammatically correct sentences. What’s more, they have trouble understanding complex language. The team analyzed expression of FoxP2 in a number of bird species, both vocal learners and nonlearners, and in crocodiles, the closest living relative of birds.
In both humans and birds the gene is expressed in the basal ganglia, We found that the levels of FoxP2 seem to be increasing at times just before the bird begins to change its songs, The gene switches on, allowing the song-learning circuitry to become more plastic, which allows the birds to imitate sounds. In nonvocal-learning species, in contrast, the team did not observe any localization or differential levels of FoxP2 activity.

Front 627

BRICOLAGE

Back 627

onstruction or something constructed by using whatever
materials happen to be available.
The Internet is a global bricolage
Cooking with leftovers was bricolage--
...no one ever really reads Hamlet for the first time now; we've heard
it all before in bits and pieces, cultural bricolage.
Bricolage comes from the French, from bricole, "trifle; small
job."

Front 628

CONFLATE

Back 628

1. To bring together.
2. To combine (as two readings of a text) into one whole.
... a film conflates the present and the past with ingenious use of flashbacks.
...to conflate the various drug abuses into a single dreadful statistic.
. . . lean and mobile military units that conflate the traditional categories of police officers, commandos, emergency-relief specialists, diplomats, and, of course, intelligence officers.
Conflare, "to blow together; to put together," from con-, "with, together" + flare, "to blow."

Front 629

WETH

Back 629

1. Sharpen eg scythe by grinding.
2.Stimulate .
(OE hwettan).

Front 630

WEFT

Back 630

Weft or woof is the yarn which is shuttled back and forth across the warp to create a woven fabric.
The weft is a thread or yarn of spun fibre. The original fibre was wool, flax or cotton. Nowadays, many manmade fibres are used in weaving. Because the weft does not have to be stretched in the way that the warp is, it can generally be less strong.
The weft is threaded through the warp using a shuttle. Hand looms were the original weaver's tool, with the shuttle being threaded through alternately raised warps by hand. Inventions during the 18th century spurred the Industrial Revolution, and the hand loom became the more robust spinning frame with the flying shuttle speeding up production of cloth, and then the water frame using water power to automate the weaving process. The power loom followed in the 19th century, when steam power was harnessed.
The words woof and weft derive ultimately from the Old English word wefan, "to weave". It has given rise to the expression "woof and warp", meaning literally a fabric (the warp being the lengthwise threads, under and over which the side to side threads—the woof—are woven). The expression is used as a metaphor for the underlying structure on which something is built.

Front 631

APSE

Back 631

APSE

Front 632

IMPRINT

Back 632

IMPRINT

Front 633

WROUGHT

Back 633

WROUGHT
archaic past & past part of -work-.
adj: (of metals) beaten out or shaped by hammering.
wrought iron a tough malleable form of iron suitable for forging or rolling.

Front 634

CAST IRON

Back 634

A hard alloy of iron, carbon and silicon cast in a mould.

Front 635

OBTUSE

Back 635

OBTUSE

Front 636

IMPRINT

Back 636

he signed a contract with Free Press, an imprint of Simon & Schuster

Front 637

APSE

Back 637

APSE

Front 638

INFRUCTUOUS

Back 638

INFRUCTUOUS

Front 639

UNRELIABLE NARRATOR

Back 639

the fictional trope of the unreliable narrator.
Some works suggest that all narrators are inherently unreliable due to self-interest, personal bias, or selective memory. The film Rashomon uses multiple narrators to tell the story of the death of a samurai. Each of the witnesses describe the same basic events but differ wildly in the details, alternately claiming that the samurai was killed by accident, suicide, and murder.

Front 640

RAVEPED

Back 640

deprave
To debase, especially morally; corrupt.
ME depraven, to corrupt, from OF depraver, from Latin dprvre : d-, de- + prvus, crooked.
depra·vation

Front 641

LIMINAL

Back 641

liminal
adjective technical 1 relating to a transitional or initial stage. 2 at a boundary or threshold.
liminality.
Limen ‘threshold’.

Front 642

INFRUCTOUS

Back 642

"Infructuous" is a word that is not used very often by native speakers of English, it is however quite popular among newspaper reporters in India. The word means "unprofitable, unfruitful, ineffective". Here are a few examples.
*After several infructuous interviews to find a job, Ashwini turned to crime.
*Gauri made an infructuous appeal to the Chairman to retain the services of Arun.
*Sashidhar made several infructuous attempts to steal the Nizam's diamonds.

Front 643

EDACIOUS

Back 643

tempus edax rerum (Ovid)

Front 644

CUIRASS

Back 644

the term cuirass commonly is understood to imply the complete body-armour, including both the breast and the back plates.

Front 645

SCOURING the land OF trees and verdure

Back 645

The first white settlers in the area started as yeomen,
scouring the land of trees and verdure to create homesteads.

Front 646

HOMESTEAD

Back 646

HOMESTEAD

Front 647

VERDANT
VERDURE
UMBRAGE

Back 647

VERDANT
VERDURE
UMBRAGE

Front 648

TRAMMEL

Back 648

TRAMMEL
free from unnatural trammels.
shaking off the trammels of reason, and running wild after a golden vision.
their freedom is trammelled.
to trammel it with Regulations.
to trammel progress.
Tremaculum, a kind of net for catching fish, from Latin tres, "three" + macula, "a mesh."

Front 649

TROPE

Back 649

TROPE

Front 650

RECENSION

Back 650

RECENSION

Front 651

REDACT

Back 651

REDACT
put into literary form.
edit for publication.

Front 652

RECUSANT

Back 652

RECUSANT

Front 653

RECUSE

Back 653

RECUSE

Front 654

CENTO

Back 654

The author has composed a cento, a collage-poem composed of lines lifted from other sources.

Front 655

INVIDIOUS

Back 655

Invidiosus, "envious, hateful, causing hate or ill-feeling," from invidia, "envy," from invidere, "to look upon with the evil eye, to look maliciously upon, to envy," from in-, "upon" + videre, "to look at, to see."

Front 656

PRAXIS

Back 656

PRAXIS
accepted practice or custom.

Front 657

POLITY

Back 657

POLITY
1.a form or process of civil government or constitution.
2.an organised society; a State as a political entity.

Front 658

OSCITANT

Back 658

OSCITANT
yawning, drowsy.

Front 659

OPPUGN

Back 659

OPPUGN
to call into question, contradict.

Front 660

ORDONNANCE

Back 660

ORDONNANCE

Front 661

ORDNANCE

Back 661

ORDNANCE

Front 662

MALADROIT

Back 662

MALADROIT

Front 663

LOGOMACHY

Back 663

LOGOMACHY

Front 664

CALLIPYGIAN

Back 664

CALLIPYGIAN
having beautiful buttocks.

Front 665

CHAPLET

Back 665

CHAPLET

Front 666

CHOP LOGIC

Back 666

CHOP LOGIC
One who bandies words or is very argumentative.

Front 667

CONNIVE

Back 667

CONNIVE AT
CONNIVE WITH

Front 668

DEUTERAGONIST

Back 668

DEUTERAGONIST

Front 669

DYSPHEMISM

Back 669

DYSPHEMISM

Front 670

SCABROUS
vs

Back 670

Scabrous vs Glabrous

Front 671

RECREANT

Back 671

RECREANT
1. Cowardly; craven.
2. Unfaithful; disloyal.
Wordsworth compares himself to a truant, a false steward, a
recreant, when he does not write poetry.
the recreant versus the faithful one.
...surrendering your religion and becoming a recreant.
recroire, "to yield in a trial by battle," from re-, "re-" + croire, "to believe," from Latin credere.

Front 672

RECREANT

Back 672

RECREANT
1.Cowardly, craven.
2.Unfaithful, disloyal.
1.A coward.
2.An unfaithful or disloyal person.
Wordsworth compares himself to a truant, a false steward, a recreant, when he does not write poetry.
the recreant versus the faithful one.
But was it worth surrendering your religion, hence your honor, and becoming a recreant?
Recreant comes from Old French, from the present participle of recroire, "to yield in a trial by battle," from re-, "re-" + croire, "to believe," from Latin credere.

Front 673

REFULGENT

Back 673

RESPLENDENT

Front 674

MARTINET

Back 674

MARTINET

Front 675

NATURA NATURANS

Back 675

natura naturans
n. creative nature; Creator; God. natura naturata, created nature.

Front 676

FACINUS

Back 676

In partic., a bad deed, misdeed, outrage, villainy, crime (syn.: culpa, peccatum, delictum, flagitium, scelus, crimen, etc.)

Front 677

FACINUS

Back 677

facinus crime

Front 678

SCELUS

Back 678

scelus crime

Front 679

SBSU

Back 679

BUSS
a playful kiss; a smack.
transitive verb:
To kiss; especially to kiss with a smack.
Old English basse, from Latin basium,"kiss."

Front 680

BLANDISHMENT

Back 680

Latin blandiri, "to flatter, caress, coax," from blandus, "flattering, mild."

Front 681

ARGUS-EYED

Back 681

Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted. One who is Argus-eyed is as observant as Argus, a hundred-eyed monster from Greek mythology.

Front 682

TIMBA

Back 682

AMBIT
he came within the ambit of the Vienna Circle.
a regulatory regime completely outside the ambit of the Central Bank.
Ambitus, "circuit," from ambire, "to go around," from amb-, "about, around" + ire, "to go."

Front 683

PLAINTIVE

Back 683

Expressive of sorrow.
his plight was becoming desperate and his letters increasingly plaintive.
the night birds have begun
their plaintive chorus.
... the plaintive cries of loneliness of the immigrant.
OFplainte, complaint, from Latin planctus, past participle of plangere, to strike (one's breast), to lament.

Front 684

PLANGENT

Back 684

mournful; sad.
his letters were increasingly plaintive.
the night birds have begun
their plaintive chorus.
... the plaintive cries of loneliness of the immigrant.
Planctus, past participle of plangere, "to strike (one's breast), to lament."

Front 685

PETTIFOGGER

Back 685

The nitpickers, the whiners, the pettifoggers are
everywhere.

Front 686

PERVIVACIOUS

Back 686

pertinacious:
1. Holding or adhering obstinately to any opinion, purpose, or design.
2. Stubbornly or perversely persistent.

Front 687

PECCANT

Back 687

PECCANT
1. Sinning; guilty of transgression.
2. Violating a rule or a principle.
There must be redemption even for a formerly peccant father.
The peccant fellow is Cliff, who cheats, or tries to cheat, on his wife.
...eyewitnesses to support a criminal case against the peccant clergymen.
Present participle of peccare, "to sin."

Front 688

PARSE

Back 688

The American Constitution, for example, says that "Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech."...once we parse notions like "abridging" and "the freedom of speech," perhaps we will decide cases on the basis of an inquiry into two, three, or more relevant considerations.

Front 689

MISPRISION

Back 689

MISPRISION

Front 690

MISPRISION OF FELONY

Back 690

misprision of a felony
the crime of concealing another's felony (serious crime) from law enforcement officers.

Front 691

FELONY

Back 691

FELONY
1) a crime sufficiently serious to be punishable by death or a term in state or federal prison, as distinguished from a MISDIMEANOR which is only punishable by confinement to county or local jail and/or a fine. 2) a crime carrying a minimum term of one year or more in state prison, since a year or less can be served in county jail. However, a sentence upon conviction for a felony may sometimes be less than one year at the discretion of the judge and within limits set by statute.

Front 692

TROT

Back 692

tort
Fr, "wrong," a civil wrong or wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental, from which injury occurs. Torts include negligence & intentional wrongs which result in harm. Tort law is one of the major areas of law (along with contract, real property and criminal law) and results in more civil litigation than any other category. Some intentional torts may also be crimes, such as assault, battery, wrongful death, fraud, conversion (a euphemism for theft) and trespass on property and form the basis for a lawsuit for damages by the injured party. Defamation, including intentionally telling harmful untruths about another-either by print or broadcast (libel) or orally (slander)-is a tort and used to be a crime as well.

Front 693

SUBORNATION

Back 693

subornation of perjury
n. the crime of encouraging, inducing or assisting another in the commission of perjury, which is knowingly telling an untruth under oath. Example: lawyer Frank Foghorn is interviewing a witness in an accident case who tells Foghorn that Foghorn's client was jaywalking outside the crosswalk when struck by the defendant's car. Foghorn tells the witness to help his client by saying the accident occurred in the crosswalk and the witness so testifies in court. Foghorn is guilty of subornation of the witness's perjury.

Front 694

FIDUCIARY

Back 694

fiduciary relationship
n. where one person places complete confidence in another in regard to a particular transaction or one's general affairs or business. The relationship is not necessarily formally or legally established as in a declaration of trust, but can be one of moral or personal responsibility, due to the superior knowledge and training of the fiduciary as compared to the one whose affairs the fiduciary is handling.

Front 695

GRAND JURY

Back 695

Grand Jury
A jury in each county or federal court district which serves for a term of a year and is usually selected from a list of nominees offered by the judges in the county or district. The traditional 23 members may be appointed or have their names drawn from those nominated. A Grand Jury has two responsibilities 1) to hear evidence of criminal accusations in possible felonies (major crimes) presented by the District Attorney and decide whether the accused should be indicted and tried for a crime. Since many felony charges are filed by the District Attorney in a municipal or other lower court which holds a preliminary hearing to determine if there is just cause for trial instead of having the Grand Jury hear the matter, this function is of minor importance in many jurisdictions. 2) to hear evidence of potential public wrong-doing by city and county officials, including acts which may not be crimes but are imprudent, ineffective or inefficient, and make recommendations to the county and cities involved. Example: a Grand Jury may recommend that a new jail is needed, find that there is evidence of favoritism in the sheriff's office, that some city council members are profiting by overlooking drug dealing by city staffers, or that judges are not carrying a full load of cases to be tried.

Front 696

ESSENTIALISM

Back 696

"Essentialism and the Grounding of Rights"
Controversy surrounds essentialism and the notion of natural kinds. Defenses of human rights and related notions of dignity and justice tend to have essentialism as a silent premise.

Front 697

GERMLINE

Back 697

Gametes derived from primordial germ cells, enter the gonads during development. The primordial germ cells may arise at some
distance from the presumptive gonads, to which they migrate and become established. The formation of the germ line is dependent upon the presence of the *germ plasm*, which is a cytoplasmic component that
causes these cells to become distinct from the *somatic cells*. When the primordial germ cells become established in the gonad, they become stem
cells that divide by mitosis to produce the supply of gametes that the organism requires for reproduction. When they enter the gonads, the germ cells may associate with specific somatic cells that support, nurture and protect them. In the female, these somatic cells are called
*follicle cells*. Various names are applied to the comparable somatic cells in the male gonad. In mammals, they are called *Sertoli cells*.

Front 698

NEOCONS

Back 698

The roots of neoconservatism lie in a group of largely Jewish intellectuals who attended City College of New York (C.C.N.Y.) in the
mid- to late 1930's and early 1940's, a group that included Irving Kristol, Daniel Bell, Irving Howe, Nathan Glazer and, a bit later, Daniel Patrick Moynihan The story of this group has been told in a number of places, most notably in a documentary film by Joseph Dorman called "Arguing the World." The most important inheritance from the C.C.N.Y. group was an idealistic belief in social progress and the universality of rights, coupled with intense anti-Communism.

Front 699

OUGHT FROM IS

Back 699

The view that an "ought" cannot be derived from an "is" was first put forward by David Hume and is known as Hume's law. Another version of it was formulated by the 20th century Cambridge philosopher G. E. Moore. The claim has been challenged by many philosophers on the grounds that moral deliberation cannot work in a factual vacuum.

Front 700

PROBABILITY VS NATURAL FREQUENCY

Back 700

PROBABILITY VS NATURAL FREQUENCY

Front 701

IRRUPT

Back 701

irrupt, intransitive verb:
1. To burst in forcibly or suddenly; to intrude.
What sounds are these that sting as they caress, that irrupt into my soul and twine about my heart? --Nikolai Gogol, Dead Souls
Irrumpere, from ir-, in-, "in" + rumpere, "to break."

Front 702

HIDEBOUND

Back 702

HIDEBOUND
bigoted, narrow-minded.

Front 703

FETTER

Back 703

FETTER

Front 704

INKHORN

Back 704

De Cons Phil...was translated ... by Elizabeth I into florid, inkhorn language.

Front 705

LUDIC

Back 705

PLAYFUL
...with an entirely recognizable literary
manner, fizzy and playful (I am trying to avoid the words
"pyrotechnic" and "ludic").

Front 706

LIMINAL

LAWLESS

DEPRAVED

Back 706

liminal, lawless and depraved.

Front 707

PERVICACIOUS

Back 707

obstinate.
One of the most pervicacious young creatures that ever was heard of. (Clarissa).
The language of the bureaucrats and administrators must needs be recognized as an outgrowth of legal parlance. There is no other way to explain its pervading, pervicacious and pernicious meanderings.
pervicac-, "stubborn, headstrong," from root pervic- of pervincere, to carry ones point, maintain ones opinion, per-, "through, thoroughly" + vincere, "to conquer, prevail against" + the suffix -ious, characterized by, full of.

Front 708

TORRID

Back 708

torrid
Parched with the heat of the sun; intensely hot.
Scorching; burning: the torrid noonday sun.
Passionate; ardent: a torrid love scene.
Hurried; rapid: set a torrid pace; torrid economic growth.
Latin torridus, from torrēre, to parch. torridity or torridness.
torridly adv.

Front 709

THE AMYLOID FOLD

Back 709

The amyloid fold is characterized by a cross-beta sheet quaternary structure; that is, a monomeric unit contributes a beta strand to a beta sheet, which spans across more than one molecule.

Front 710

RECITATIVO

Back 710

The "recitativo" style of singing was not abandoned completely in pop culture: in fact raps, when using the ancient musical terminology, could be correctly described as "recitativo accompagnato".

Front 711

RECITATIVO

Back 711

Recitative, a form of composition often used in operas is described as a melodic speech set to music, or a descriptive narrative song in which the music follows the words.
Recitative is distinguished from more florid and melismatic arias, as the rhythms and melodic contours of recitative often approximate to those of normal speech, often including repeating pitches. It is used where dialogue or monologue is sung in between the arias, choruses or other numbers, and is intended to help move the story along quickly.

Front 712

RECITATIVE

recitativo secco
recitativo accompagnato

Back 712

Recitative often has very simple accompaniment, sometimes nothing more than a continuo instrument (for example, a single harpsichord) playing occasional chords. The terms recitativo secco and recitativo accompagnato (or recitativo stromentato) are sometimes used to distinguish recitative accompanied only by continuo and recitative accompanied by the orchestra.

Front 713

LOGORRHEA

Back 713

Logorrhea is derived from Greek logos, "word" + rhein, "to
flow."

Front 714

PASCERE

Back 714

pascere, to feed.
Pastus, past participle of pascere.

Front 715

RE-
pref.

Back 715

RE-
pref.
1. Again; anew: rebreathing.
2. Backward; back: recurvation.

Front 716

ATARAXY

Back 716

at·a·rax·ia
Variant: or at·a·raxy
plural -rax·ias or -rax·ies
: calmness untroubled by mental or emotional disquiet

Front 717

CLIENTISM

Back 717

“People are deployed to do jobs that they are not fit to do, and the ‘consensus' means a loyalty to people who do not work, or who are not effective...clientism hinders rational distribution of resources.”

Front 718

Africa's hegemon

Back 718

Africa's hegemon

Front 719

ACCIDENCE

Back 719

Accidence and substance

Front 720

MACHINATIONS

Back 720

Hopes of a new government now depend more on the opaque machinations of Shia politics than on America and Britain.

Front 721

SHAMBOLIC

Back 721

Despite its title, the book says little, and almost nothing new, about America's shambolic occupation.

Front 722

RIVERINE

Back 722

THE Admiral is a riverboat casino on the waterways of Missouri, where riverine gambling was legalised in May 1994.

Front 723

DILATORY

Back 723

dilatory

Front 724

NESTED RELATIONSHIPS

Back 724

The brain is not a computer, but a memory system that stores experiences in a way that reflects the true structure of the world, remembering sequences of events and their nested relationships and making predictions based on those memories. It is this memory-prediction system that forms the basis of intelligence, perception, creativity, and even consciousness.

Front 725

NESTED

Back 725

nested class

A nested class is a class that is a member of another class. This term should not be confused with composition, which refers to the act of creating classes with member objects. Nesting classes refers to the act of creating classes with member classes.

Front 726

GERMLINE

Back 726

The germline of a mature or developing individual is the line of germ cells that have genetic material that may be passed to a child.
For example, sex cells, such as the sperm or the egg, are part of the germline.
But not just the sex cells; Because the sex cells got their genetic material from still other cells. The cells that produced sperm cells, and the cells that produced ovum, (called gametocytes,) are also part of the germline. And the cells that produced those cells, the gametogonia, are part of the germline- all the way back up to the zygote, the first cell that the individual came from.
No cell in your liver will ever make it to your children. Cells that are not part of the germline are called SOMATIC cells.
If there is a mutation or other genetic change in the germline, then the change can be passed to offspring. But if a change happens in a non-germline cell, the change can't be passed to offspring.

Front 727

ESCULENT

Back 727

ESCULENT

edible.

Front 728

ENFILADE

Back 728

ENFILADE

Front 729

ENCLAVE

Back 729

ENCLAVE

Front 730

EXCLAVE

Back 730

EXCLAVE

Front 731

FECULENT

Back 731

FECULENT

Front 732

FUGACIOUS

Back 732

FUGACIOUS

Front 733

GNOMIC

Back 733

GNOMIC

Front 734

VARIABLE REGION

Back 734

VARIABLE REGION
The portion of the amino terminal of an Ig's heavy and light chains having a variable amino acid sequence.

Front 735

EJACULATORY

his joy is ejaculatory.

Back 735

His joy at America's meaner weapons is ejaculatory, and, in the slaughter of thousands of Taliban recruits, unsavoury.

Front 736

STROPHE

Back 736

You can take a Russian
teenager and say recite some poetry, and they will give you strophes of Pushkin. The only equivalent for an American under a certain age is literally Dr. Seuss or theme songs.

Front 737

CADENCES

Back 737

Rather, he argues, the fault lies with the collapse of the distinction
between the written and the oral. Where formal, well-honed English was
once de rigueur in public life, he argues, it has all but disappeared,
supplanted by the indifferent cadences of speech and ultimately
impairing our ability to think.

Front 738

ANEL

Back 738

ELAN

Front 739

GLOTTOCHRONOLOGY

Back 739

Glottochronology was invented by the linguist Morris Swadesh in 1952. It
is based on the compiling of a core list of 100 or 200 words that
Swadesh believed were particularly resistant to change. Languages could
then be compared on the basis of how many cognate words on a Swadesh
list they shared in common.

Cognates are verbal cousins, like the Greek podos and the English foot,
both descended from a common ancestor. The more cognates two languages
share, the more recently they split apart. Swadesh and others then tried
to quantify the method, deriving the date that two languages split from
their percentage of shared cognates.

Front 740

COGNATE

Back 740

Cognates are verbal cousins, like the Greek podos and the English foot, both descended from a common ancestor. The more cognates two languages
share, the more recently they split apart. Swadesh and others then tried to quantify the method, deriving the date that two languages split from
their percentage of shared cognates.

Front 741

TONE

Back 741

TONE
tones that change the meaning of words, which are common in Indonesian but do not exist in European languages—than to realise that elements which are taken for granted in a linguist's native language may be absent from
another.

Front 742

NOUN CASES

Back 742

English...until well into the 20th century was thought as having six different noun
cases, because Latin has six. (A noun case is how that noun's grammatical use is distinguished, for example as a subject or as an object.) Only relatively recently did grammarians begin a debate over noun cases in English. Some now contend that it does not have noun cases at all, others that it has two (one for the possessive, the other for everything else) while still others maintain that there are three or four cases. These would include the nominative (for the subject of a sentence), the accusative (for its object) and the genitive (to indicate
possession).

Front 743

WHORFF HYPOTHESIS

Back 743

correlations between the way concepts are expressed in languages and how native speakers of these languages think.
This is a test of a hypothesis first made by Benjamin Lee Whorf, an early 20th-century American linguist, that the structure of language affects the way people think. Though Whorf's hypothesis fell into
disfavour half a century ago, it is now undergoing something of a revival.

Front 744

LIBERTARIAN ZEITGEIST

Back 744

Friedman and the Chicago School were the economic fathers of the Thatcher and Reagan era and Nozick was their philosophical counterpart. The Guardian claimed that he had set the tone for the Reagan-Thatcher era, whilst the Telegraph also linked him to these governments, proclaiming that Nozick embodied the new libertarian zeitgeist which... ushered in the era of Reagan and Bush, père et fils.

Front 745

NATURAL FREQUENCY

Back 745

a cancer screening test information in a probability format (giving percentages for population base rate, test sensitivity, and false-positive rates) and in a natural frequency format ("30 out of every 10 000 people have colorectal cancer. Of these, 15 will have positive haemoccult tests. Of the remaining 9970 patients without colorectal cancer, 300 will still test positive. How many of those who test positive actually have colorectal cancer?").

Front 746

RUEFUL

Back 746

RUEFUL

ruefully self-aware

Front 747

BRAVURA

Back 747

Mr. Bocca was gradually easing out of certain bravura roles while he could still dance them at top form.
BRAVURA:
1. Music. a florid passage or piece requiring great skill and spirit in the performer.
2. a display of daring; brilliant performance.
–adj.
3. Music. spirited; florid; brilliant (applied chiefly to vocal but occasionally to instrumental compositions).
It: spirit, dash. See BRAVE, -URE.

Front 748

FIREBRAND
vs

Back 748

firebrands v. deadwood trope

Front 749

TART

Back 749

TART

Front 750

SPECIAL PLEADING

Back 750

They suggest that there is something different about the current debate—something that is about precision,semantics, or sleight of hand, depending on your viewpoint. The authors argue that SSRIs elicit "dependency," as evidenced^ by withdrawal phenomena, but that this has been obfuscated by terminology. If feeling worse or experiencing adverse reactions when stopping a drug constitutes dependence, then SSRIs produce it. However, an alternative vocabulary describes such withdrawal phenomena (note the connotation of addiction) as "discontinuation" reactions, a softer sounding term. Furthermore, classically dependence requires euphoria and tolerance. SSRIs evoke neither of these phenomena, but the authors see this as special pleading.

Front 751

DISJUNCTION

Back 751

DISJUNCTION
1. the act of disjoining or the state of being disjoined: a disjunction between thought and action.
serving or tending to disjoin; separating; dividing; distinguishing.
syntactically setting two or more expressions in opposition
to each other, as "but" in
poor but happy, or expressing an alternative, as "or" in
this or that.

Front 752

TERM OF ART

Back 752

But in Durban, "full'' is a term of art. ie. means otherwise.
"You may think" is a legal term of art in Britain. When uttered by a judge it means the jury must think that way.

Front 753

LIGHTNING ROD

Back 753

LIGHTNING ROD

Front 754

ANTINOMALIST

Back 754

ANTINOMALIST
Paul carefully protects his message from both legalistic (relying on the law for God's acceptance) and antinomalist (licentious) misinterpretations. To combat legalism, he urges his readers to stand firm in their freedom from the written code . To combat antinomalism, he tells them not to use that freedom as a license for sin, but for loving service that fulfills the entire law through love.

Front 755

ANTINOMIAN

Back 755

ANTINOMIAN

Front 756

flies
verisimilitude
geysering fireplug
shticky bluster
nanotiming —
trolled

Back 756

When the show opens ...the boat will float down from the flies on chains;
still, for verisimilitude, you could do worse than rehearse the scene in the basement at Lincoln Center, so deep underground it might
pass for Hades.
he was a different man entirely from that geysering fireplug Max
Bialystock, whom he famously played in "The Producers" — Lane has shed Bialystock's shticky bluster in favor of something subtler and more tentative.
flubbing the occasional line
his trademark nanotiming —
he trolled the aisles of the Drama Book Shop

Front 757

At one point, they thought that they had ... on someone running.

Back 757

-- At one point, they thought that they had a bead on someone running back and forth between the two buildings.

Front 758

HEWING

Back 758

hewing so cautiously to what it knows best

Front 759

MANNERED

Back 759

He is not the warmest of men. He can be mannered and smug.

Front 760

Africa's hegemon

Back 760

Africa's hegemon
Rule by one state in a confederacy.

Front 761

FUSTIAN

Back 761

FUSTIAN

Front 762

CHAMBERING

Back 762

chambering, lightnes, and wanton beha-uiour in priuate places
1602

Front 763

climactericall

Back 763

climactericall, (g) that which ariseth by de-grees, as the sixtie third yeere is climac- tericall of the seauentie. 1604

Front 764

CONCINNATE

Back 764

concinnate, made fit, finely apparelled 1604

Front 765

CONFOUND

Back 765

confound, ouerthrow, destroy, mingle to- gether, or disorder. 1604.

Front 766

cordiall

Back 766

cordiall, comforting the hart.
1604

Front 767

ROBERT CAWDREY

Back 767

ROBERT CAWDREY'S
A TABLE ALPHABETICAL (1604)

Front 768

TROPE

Back 768

that words translated, from one signifi-cation to another, (called of the Grecians
Tropes, ) be vsed to beautifie the sentence, as precious stones are set in a ring, to commend the gold.

Front 769

TRACTABLE

Back 769

tractable, easie to handle, or easie to be en-
treated 1604

Front 770

TRANSLATION

Back 770

translation, altering, chaunging 1604

Front 771

TRUCULENT

Back 771

truculent, cruell, or terrible in counte-
nance. 1604

Front 772

Cawdrey, Robert.

Back 772

Cawdrey, Robert. (1604). A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Usual English Words.

Front 773

Legere, et non intelligere, neglegere est.

Back 773

Legere, et non intelligere, neglegere est.
As good not read, as not to vnderstand.

Front 774

CYNICAL

Back 774

cynicall, (g) doggish, froward.1604

Front 775

DIAPASON

Back 775

diapason, (g) a concorde in musick of all parts 1604

Front 776

ETHNICK

Back 776

ethnick, (g) an heathen, or gentile 1604

Front 777

CACHOU

Back 777

cachou

n. lozenge for sweetening the breath.

Front 778

CANAILLE

Back 778

CANAILLE

n. the mob; rabble.

Front 779

caravanserai, caravansary

Back 779

caravanserai, caravansary

n. Eastern inn, especially for accommodation of caravans.

Front 780

CATA CHRESIS

Back 780

catachresis
use of wrong words. catachrestic.

Front 781

chorale

Back 781

chorale

n. hymn tune.

Front 782

CLIMACTERIC

Back 782

climacteric

a. critical; forming a turning-point or crisis; n. turning-point, especially in life of individual, generally reckoned at 21, 35, 49, 63 and 81 years of age; 'change of life', menopause. grand climacteric, 63rd or 81st year of life. climacterical, a.

Front 783

CATCHPOLE

Back 783

catchpole, catchpoll

n. bumbailiff.

Front 784

GIBUS

Back 784

gibus

n. opera hat.

Front 785

RIALG

Back 785

GLAIR
n. white of egg; any similar substance; v.t. cover with glair. glaireous, a.

Front 786

GLOMERULE

Back 786

glomerule

n. compactly clustered flower-head. glomerulate, a.

Front 787

GLYPH

Back 787

glyph
n. groove; ancient wall carving. glyphic, a. pertaining to sculpture.

Front 788

GYMNOSOPHIST

Back 788

gymnosophist
n. ancient Indian ascetic philosopher; nudist. gymnosophy, n.

Front 789

MESALLIANCE

Back 789

mésalliance

n. mistaken marriage; marriage into lower social class.

Front 790

MACHTPOLITIK

Back 790

Machtpolitik

n. 'power politics'.

Front 791

BUMBAILIFF

Back 791

bumbailiff
server of writs, maker of arrests, etc., 1601, from bum "arse," because he was always felt to be close behind.

Front 792

Antilapsarianism

Back 792

Antilapsarianism is the denial of the Jewish or Christian doctrine of the fall of humanity from his perfect physical and moral state in the Garden of Eden.

Front 793

A Sierpinski triangle

Back 793

A Sierpinski triangle —a confined recursion of triangles to form a geometric lattice.

Front 794

the set of all true "reachable" propositions in an axiomatic system.

Back 794

Another interesting example is the set of all true "reachable" propositions in an axiomatic system.

* if a proposition is an axiom, it is a true reachable proposition.
* if a proposition can be obtained from true reachable propositions by means of inference rules, it is a true reachable proposition.
* The set of true reachable propositions is the smallest set of reachable propositions satisfying these conditions.

Front 795

RECURSION

Back 795

Recursion in language
Chomsky showed that unlimited extension of a language is possible only by the recursive device of embedding sentences in sentences. Niels K. Jerne, the 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology, used Chomsky's transformational-generative grammar model to explain the human immune system, equating "components of a generative grammar ... with various features of protein structures." The title of Jerne's Stockholm Nobel lecture was The Generative Grammar of the Immune System.
recursive processes:
1. Are we done yet? If so, return the results. Without such a termination condition a recursion would go on forever.
2. If not, simplify the problem, solve those simpler problem(s), and assemble the results into a solution for the original problem. Then return that solution.
A more humorous illustration goes: "In order to understand recursion, one must first understand recursion."
"If you already know what recursion is, just remember the answer. Otherwise, find someone who is standing closer to Douglas Hofstadter than you are; then ask him or her what recursion is."
Examples of mathematical objects often defined recursively are functions, sets, and especially fractals.

Front 796

DEASIL

Back 796

deasil
adv. clockwise; towards the right.

Front 797

EIDOLON

Back 797

eidolon
phantom. eidolic,
eidolism belief in ghosts. eidolology, study of mental imagery.

Front 798

TULEE

Back 798

ELUTE
v.t. wash out; purify or separate by washing. elution, elutor, n. elutriate, v.t. purify by washing and straining. elutriation, elutriator, n.

Front 799

elver

Back 799

elver

n. young eel.

Front 800

EN PANTOUFLES

Back 800

en pantoufles

'in slippers'; at ease; informal(ly).

Front 801

ENTABLEMENT

Back 801

ENTABLEMENT

n. platform of a pedestal, supporting a statue.

Front 802

entelechy

Back 802

entelechy

n. Philosophy, perfect realization of end or cause.

Front 803

ENTREPOT

Back 803

entrepôt

n. warehouse; importing for re-export.

Front 804

EPIGENESIS

Back 804

epigenesis
biological theory of the development of the embryo, through progressive differentiation of originally undifferentiated cells. epigenetic, a. epigenesist.

Front 805

EPIGENESIS

Back 805

epigenesis

n. biological theory of the development of the embryo, through progressive differentiation of originally undifferentiated cells. epigenetic, a. epigenist, epigenesist, n.

Front 806

EXTROSPECTION

Back 806

extrospection
n. habitual interest in or examination of matters outside oneself. extrospective, a.

Front 807

HORACE
FORMAL UNITY

Back 807

HORACE
FORMAL UNITY

Front 808

TAEDIUM

Back 808

taedium vitae

n. 'weariness of life'.

Front 809

TANT MIEUX

Back 809

tant mieux

'so much the better'.

Front 810

TANT PIS

Back 810

tant pis

'so much the worse'.

Front 811

TERRENE

Back 811

terrene

a. pertaining to or consisting of earth; mundane.

Front 812

THAUMATURGY

Back 812

thaumaturgy

n. miracle-working; magic. thaumaturge, thaumaturgist, thaumaturgus, n. miracle-worker; saint. thaumaturgic, a. thaumaturgics, thaumaturgism, n. thaumatology, n. study of thaumaturgy.

Front 813

THEURGY

Back 813

theurgy

n. art of persuading beneficent divinity to perform desired act; supernatural intervention in human affairs. theurgic, a. theurgist, n.

Front 814

THOLE

Back 814

thole

n. upright peg in boat's gunwale against which oar is worked; v.i. & t. dialect, endure.

Front 815

TORQUE

Back 815

torque

n. collar, especially of twisted metal; force tending to produce rotation. torquate(d), a. having a collar.

Front 816

TRACTARIAN

Back 816

tractarian
writer of tracts;Anglo-Catholic, especially member of Tractarian movement at Oxford in 1840.

Front 817

TRANSMOGRIFY

Back 817

transmogrify
v.t. transform. transmogrification, n.

Front 818

TREFOIL

Back 818

trefoil

n. clover, or other plants with leaf divided into three lobes; architectural ornament of that shape.

Front 819

WOFF

Back 819

woof
threads crossing warp in weaving; weft.

Front 820

réclame

Back 820

réclame

publicity.

Front 821

RECREANT

Back 821

RECREANT
a.,n. cowardly or renegade (person). recreancy, n.

Front 822

RENITENT

Back 822

renitent

a. resisting; refactory. renitence, renitency, n.

Front 823

rerum cognoscere causas

'to know the causes of things'.

Back 823

rerum cognoscere causas

'to know the causes of things'.

Front 824

It is when I am struggling to be --- that I become ---.

Back 824

It is when I am struggling to be brief that I become unintelligible.

Front 825

ACTUS REUS
MENS REA

Back 825

Actus reus - Wrongful act - as opposed to mens rea - the wrongful intention or guilty mind

Front 826

AMOR TUSSISQUE

Back 826

Amor tussisque non celantur - Love, and a cough, are not concealed. (Ovid)

Front 827

CAELUM NON ANIMUM MUTANT

Back 827

Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt - They change the sky, not their soul, who run across the sea. (Horace)

Front 828

Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero.

Back 828

Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero - Seize the day, trust as little as possible in tomorrow. (Horace)

Front 829

Consuetudinis magna vis est

Back 829

Consuetudinis magna vis est - The force of habit is great. (Cicero)

Front 830

He who rules, his religion

Back 830

Cuius regio, eius religio - He who rules, his religion

Front 831

Cura nihil aliud nisi ut valeas.

Back 831

Cura nihil aliud nisi ut valeas - Pay attention to nothing except that you do well. (Cicero)

Front 832

Curriculum vitae.
Cursum perficio.

Back 832

Curriculum vitae - The course of one's life
Cursum perficio - My journey is over, or I finish my journey

Front 833

DEUS ABSCONDITUS

Back 833

Deus absconditus - A god who is hidden from man
Abscondere, to conceal, from ab-, abs-, away + condere, to put, to place.

Front 834

Disiecti membra poetae.

Back 834

Disiecti membra poetae - Limbs of a dismembered poet. (Horace)

Front 835

DISJECTA MEMBRA

Back 835

Disjecta membra - The scattered remains

Front 836

DOLI CAPAX

Back 836

CAPABLE OF CRIME
DOLI CAPAX
Capable of deceit, mischief, having knowledge of right and wrong.

Front 837

EPISTULA NON ERUBESCIT

Back 837

Epistula non erubescit - A letter doesn't blush. (Cicero)

Front 838

EXEGI MONUMENTUM

Back 838

Exegi monumentum aere perennius - I have erected a monument more lasting than bronze. (Horace)

Front 839

Facilius est multa facere quam diu

Back 839

Facilius est multa facere quam diu - It is easier to do many things than to do one for a long time. (Quintilianus)

Front 840

GUTTA CAVAR LAPIDEM

Back 840

Gutta cavat lapidem, non vi sed saepe cadendo - The drop excavates the stone, not with force but by falling often. (Ovid)

Front 841

Res gestae - Things done

Back 841

Res gestae - Things done

Front 842

RISU INEPTO RES INEPTIOR NULLA EST

Back 842

Risu inepto res ineptior nulla est - There is nothing more foolish than a foolish laugh. (Catullus)

Front 843

Si hoc legere scis nimium eruditionis habes

Back 843

Si hoc legere scis nimium eruditionis habes - Essentially it says, 'if you can read this, you're overeducated.'

Front 844

SI SAPIS,

Back 844

Si sapis, sis apis - If you are wise, be a bee

Front 845

Tu fui, ego eris

Back 845

Tu fui, ego eris - What you are, I was. What I am, you will be.

Front 846

CASH VALUE

Back 846

James went applied the pragmatic method to the epistemological {how we know }problem of truth. He would seek the meaning of 'true' by examining how the idea functioned in our lives. A belief was true, he said, if in the long run it worked for all of us, and guided us expeditiously through our semihospitable world. James was anxious to uncover
what true beliefs amounted to in human life, what their "Cash Value" Garden of Eden
was, what consequences they led to. A belief was not a mental entity which somehow mysteriously corresponded to an external
reality if the belief were true. Beliefs were ways of acting with reference to a precarious environment, and to say they were true was to say they guided us satisfactorily in this environment.

Front 847

FUNCTIONALISM

Back 847

intelligent functions carried out by different machines reflect the same underlying process... functionalism, the mental states that make up
consciousness can be defined as complex interactions between different functional processes. Because these processes are not limited to a particular physical state or physical medium, they can be realized in multiple ways, including, theoretically, within non-biological systems.

Front 848

Quantum Mechanics, Einstein.

Back 848

Quantum Mechanics, Einstein.

The fundamental physical theory developed in the 1920s as a replacement for classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics waves {mind} and particles {body} are two aspects of the same underlying entity {substance}. The particle associated with a given wave is its quantum. Also, the states of bound systems like atoms or molecules {modes} occupy only certain distinct energy levels; the energy is said to be quantized.

Front 849

DEGREES OF REALITY

Back 849

In Spinoza, as in Descartes, there are degrees of reality, a concept that Hobbes found difficult. However, for both
Descartes and Spinoza being was a question of degree:
one thing can have more "thinghood" than another.
Spinoza equates 'perfection' with 'reality'; Perfection he explains, he means completeness of being. The moral or aesthetic connotations of the word 'perfection' are
secondary.

Front 850

DECUBITUS

Back 850

decubitus
/n./ act or attitude of lying down. *decubital*, /a./ pertaining to or resulting from this.

Front 851

AMYLOID

Back 851

Amyloid describes various types of protein aggregations that share specific traits when examined microscopically. The name amyloid comes from the early mistaken identification of the substance as starch (amylum in Latin), based on crude iodine-staining techniques.

Front 852

Biophysicists have redefined ... using a --- set of --- characteristics.

Back 852

Biophysicists have redefined amyloid using a canonical set of biophysical characteristics (see below), and this seems to cause a low level of conflict between histologists and biophysicists.

Front 853

C1q NEPHROPATHY

Back 853

C1q nephropathy presents with marked proteinuria in children and young adults. There are no specific light microscopic findings on renal biopsy, and most patients have nonspecific markers of glomerular disease. The diagnosis is based on dominant or codominant staining with antisera against C1q and, usually, a demonstration of immune complex deposition in the mesangium. Importantly, a serologic and clinical workup should be pursued to rule out lupus in these patients, because the renal disease associated with lupus may have similarly nonspecific findings on light microscopy examination.

Front 854

UBIETY

Back 854

UBIETY

state of being in a place; 'thereness'; position.

Front 855

ULTRACREPIDARIAN

Back 855

ULTRACREPIDARIAN

venturing beyond one's province; presuming. ultracrepidate, v.i.

Front 856

URGRUND

Back 856

Urgrund

n. basis; primary principle, cause or factor.

Front 857

WERGILD

Back 857

WERGILD

value of a man's life, payable to his family by his murderer.

Front 858

WITAN

Back 858

witan

n. early English King's council.

Front 859

ABAT-VOIX

Back 859

abat-voix

n. sounding-board.

Front 860

aîné

Back 860

aîné

a. (fem. ainée) elder; senior.

Front 861

QUANTUM THEORY

Back 861

quantum theory, theory that atoms emit or absorb energy by steps, each of which is the emission or absorption of a discrete amount of energy (the quantum).

Front 862

QUIDAM

Back 862

quidam

somebody; unknown person.

Front 863

QUODLIBET

Back 863

quodlibet

n. 'what you like'; moot or subtle point; fruitless or pedantic argument.

Front 864

OBITER DICTUM

Back 864

obiter dictum

n. n. (pl. obiter dicta) 'thing said in passing'; casual or incidental remark or opinion.

Front 865

KAKISTOCRACY

Back 865

kakistocracy

n. government by worst people.

Front 866

KULTUR

Back 866

Kultur

n. 'culture', especially representing civilization of a nation.

Front 867

NUMINOUS

Back 867

it has all the numinous force of a ritual.
All Quests are concerned with some numinous Object, the
Waters of Life, the Grail, buried treasure, etc.
Our culture is not much concerned with the numinous, but in
language we preserve many of the marks of a culture that is.
My sense of the numinous is generally keenest upstate, in
the fields and forest that surround my old schoolhouse.
Numen, literally a "nod of the head" (as in giving a command), hence "divine power."

Front 868

STRIPLING

Back 868

STRIPLING

Front 869

COHERENCE

Back 869

coherence theory of truth
Belief that a proposition is true to the extent that it agrees with other true propositions. In contrast with the correspondence theory's emphasis on an independent reality, this view supposes that reliable beliefs constitute an inter-related system, each element of which entails every other.

Front 870

AMPHIBOLOGY

Back 870

amphiboly

The informal fallacy that can result when a sentence is ambiguous because of its grammatical structure, even if all of its terms are clear.

Example: "One morning in Africa, Captain Spaulding shot an elephant in his pajamas. Therefore, it is dangerous for large animals to wear human clothing."

Front 871

APEIRON

Back 871

APEIRON
Anaximander's Greek word for the boundless extent of the universe as undifferentiated matter. Although Plato made only scant reference to this notion of what is unlimited, the neoplatonic philosophy of Plotinus elevated it as the material principle of all change.

Front 872

BEGGING THE QUESTION

Back 872

begging the question (petitio principii). Circular reasoning. The informal fallacy of (explicitly or implicitly) assuming the truth of the conclusion of an argument as one of the premises employed in an effort to demonstrate its truth.
Example: "Since firefighters must be strong men willing to face danger every day, it follows that no woman can be a firefighter."
Although arguments of this sort are formally valid because it is impossible for their conclusions to be false if their premises are true, they fail to provide logical support for their conclusions, which have already been accepted without proof at the outset.

Front 873

Appiah, Kwame Anthony Appiah

Back 873

Appiah, Kwame Anthony Appiah

African American philosopher whose work on the foundations of probabalistic semantics is exemplified in Assertions and Conditionals (1985) and Truth in Semantics (1986). He is also the author of In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992), a discussion of the influence of racial concepts on the development of African literature and art, and Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (1996. A native of Ghana, Appiah is Past President of the Society for African Philosophy in North America.

Front 874

CRITICAL THEORY

Back 874

critical theory
The theoretical approach of the Frankfurt School of social philosophers. Relying on the work of Hegel and Marx, they tried to exhibit dialectically the contradictions imposed upon modern human beings by varieties of social organization that abuse formal rationality in order to deny power to classes of citizens. Rejecting the detached insularity of traditional efforts at objectivity, critical theorists of any sort generally hope that their explanation of the causes of oppression will result in practical efforts to eliminate it.

Front 875

VERECUNDIAM , argumentum ad

Back 875

Ad Verecundiam
The argument of an irrelevant appeal to authority is shown to be fallacious but sometimes persuasive.

Front 876

Sextus Empiricus (c. 200)

Back 876

Sextus Empiricus (c. 200)
Ancient skeptic who defended the practical viability of Pyrrhonism as the only way of life that results in genuine ataraxia [ataraxia] in Pyrrhonian Hypotyposeis (Outlines of Pyrrhonism). The translation into Latin of Sextus's comprehensive criticisms of ancient schools of thought in Adversos Mathematicos (Against the Dogmatists) provided an important resource for the development of modern skepticism during the sixteenth century.

Front 877

SECUNDUM QUID

Back 877

secundum quid
"According to something" (in contrast with simpliciter). Hence, a common abbreviation for "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid" and "a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter," Latin designations for the informal fallacies of accident and converse accident.

Front 878

SKEPTICISM

Back 878

skepticism

Belief that some or all human knowledge is impossible. Since even our best methods for learning about the world sometimes fall short of perfect certainty, skeptics argue, it is better to suspend belief than to rely on the dubitable products of reason. Classical skeptics include Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus. In the modern era, Montaigne, Bayle, and Hume all advocated some form of skeptical philosophy. Fallibilism is a more moderate response to the lack of certainty.

Front 879

SATISFICING

Back 879

Satisficing
Finding the best choice can be computationally and otherwise too expensive. When there is no best, choosing the best is not an option. The alternative to maximizing is satisficing, that is, choosing an option that is good enough. Satisficing is naturally thought of as instrumentalist in spirit, and defended as a kind of second-level maximizing: the best first-level strategy, once typical information costs are taken into account, may be satisficing rather than maximizing. However, satisficing has also been defended as simply being in line with our intuitions about the rationality of particular choices.

Front 880

INSTRUMENTALISM

Back 880

INSTRUMENTALISM
Instrumentalism holds that all practical reasoning is means-end reasoning, that is, that figuring out what to do is entirely a matter of determining how to achieve one's goals or satisfy one's desires. Such reasoning may consist in finding causes for the outcomes one wants; but it may also involve -- for instance -- scheduling, or picking one among the various options that would achieve one's goals. (Instrumentalism in this broad sense -- as opposed to the sense in which it is restricted to finding causes for outcomes -- has sometimes also been called "internalism about reasons for action;" in the last few years, however, usage has been shifting to make internalism a distinct notion.) Because infinite regresses are generally thought not possible in instrumental justification (finite creatures have only finitely many suitably distinct desires), and because circularity in instrumental justification is thought to be unreasonable, the instrumentalist position usually has it that practical justification bottoms out in desires one just has: you can reason about how to get what you want, but not about what to want in the first place.

Instrumentalism is the default view in the field, and probably among philosophers in general. However, despite its pervasiveness, there is very little explicit argument for it. Hume is perhaps the locus classicus of the view, which is -- despite Hume's apparent commitment elsewhere to nihilism about practical reasoning -- often called Humeanism.
The shortfall of argument notwithstanding, there are a number of things to be said for the position. First, means-end reasoning is perhaps the least controversial form that practical reasoning has been alleged to take: we all know what it is like to try to figure out how to achieve a goal, and it is often straightforward to determine whether a mistake has been made. Second, since instrumental reasoning proceeds from desires you have, your stake in the results of such reasoning seems very clear -- the actions it tells you to take promise to get you things you already want. Third, when people do seem to act for reasons, it is generally possible to ascribe to them an appropriate desire. Fourth, non-instrumental practical reasoning would evidently allow one's ultimate desires to be corrected by others; but we are familiar with such attempts at correction, and they as a rule are paternalistic, heavy-handed, dogmatic, and unconvincing. Accordingly, instrumentalists insist that the burden of proof lies with their opponents.

Whether or not instrumental reasoning is the only kind of practical reasoning there is, there is widespread agreement that it is a kind of practical reasoning. (Thompson (1998) is a very interesting dissenting voice.) But although it is uncontroversial in this respect, it is by no means well-understood. The central problem is the defeasibility of instrumental reasoning, that is, the fact that an apparently satisfactory instrumental inference can be defeated by adding further premises, and that we have no means of specifying the defeating conditions up front. For instance, if my end is to have an espresso, a suitable means might be going to a particular cafe... but I might quite properly retract my decision when I learn that its management donates a percentage of the cafe's profits to a terrorist group. There are obviously indefinitely many defeating conditions of this kind, and so we do not know how to say under what circumstances a means-end inference ought to go through. Whether or not instrumentalism is correct, perhaps the most important advance that could be made in the field would be to figure out how means-end reasoning really works.

Front 881

NIHILISM

Back 881

Nihilism
Nihilism about practical reasoning is the view that there are no legitimate forms of practical inference, and that consequently there is no such thing as practical reasoning: appearances notwithstanding, there is no mental activity that counts as figuring out what to do. This position is the most minimal on the spectrum of views about practical reasoning; it suffers from a shortage of contemporary defenders, but was argued for by Hume. (Nihilism is canvassed as a possible form of irrationality by Korsgaard. Nihilism was probably entailed by early twentieth-century noncognitivism in metaethics, in particular by emotivism; however, it was not discussed at the time. Nihilism should be regarded as the null hypothesis against which other accounts of practical reasoning must be defended.

Front 882

MONISM

Back 882

monism - The thesis that all of reality is of one kind.
In philosophy of mind, monism is usually contrasted with the dualist position that mind and matter are deeply different. Thus, monism is the claim that mind and matter are essentially the same. However, this 'sameness' has come in a number of different and contradictory varieties. For example, Hobbes felt that the mental is merely and epiphenomena of the physical, thus the physical is the one real substance (Contemporary materialism is also a form of physicalistic monism (see Churchland, 1996). In direct contrast, Berkeley postulated that the physical is just a collection of ideas (hence, idealism) and thus the mental is the only thing that really exists. Finally, there are a number of positions similar to Spinoza's property dualism, often referred to as dual-aspect theory. Spinoza held a position in which the mental and the physical are simply two modes of a more basic substance (it should be noted that strictly speaking, Spinoza was not a property dualist as he held that the mental and the physical were two of a possible infinite number of modes of the basic substance, nevertheless he is typically labeled as one). For Spinoza, this basic substance was God. Thus the only real thing is God, who is neither physical nor mental.

Front 883

THEATRE OF THE ABSURD

Back 883

absurd, theater of the
Plays that stress the illogical or irrational aspects of experience, usually to show the pointlessness of modern life. Samuel Beckett, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Eugene Ionesco, Edward Albee, and Harold Pinter have written plays of this kind.

Front 884

--- IN SE---

Back 884

acquiescentia in se ipso

Front 885

ACQUIES CENTIA

Back 885

mentis acquiescentia

Front 886

COMITY

Back 886

Comity
a state of affairs where a dominating number of people work for mutual improvement in a fair and sound rational atmosphere over an extended period of time. Comity is sustained civil interaction in a community. Achieving and maintaining comity is a rational process using the rules of right reason.
World comity, national comity, religious comity, community comity, family comity, etc.

Front 887

LAW OF TRULY LARGE NUMBERS

Back 887

law of truly large numbers (coincidence)
That a particular specified event or coincidence will occur is very unlikely. That some astonishing unspecified events will occur is certain. That is why remarkable coincidences are noted in hindsight, not predicted with foresight.

Front 888

SPECIES

Back 888

SPECIES
individuals identical in most of their important features, occupying a uniform area, and distinguishable from related groups by clear discontinuities. This is no foolproof approach. It is still the basis of plant and other organisms’ systematics.
Under the influence of genetics, a species was defined as a reproductive unit, that covers individuals actually or potentially capable of reproducing with each other. In other words, a species is the sum of interbreeding individuals, and thus the most inclusive unit of normal biparental reproduction.A population of individuals unrestrictedly capable of intermating is called a panmictic population. The sum of all genes, or, more precisely, all alleles, that can be combined by mating is called a gene pool.

Front 889

SPECIE

Back 889

SPECIE

Front 890

HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM

Back 890

HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
The frequency of homozygotes and heterozygotes stays constant for generations, if
the population is very large,
the individuals can pair without limitations, there is no selection of certain alleles, no gene migration occurs and no mutations take place.

Front 891

FIDEISM

Back 891

FIDEISM
a doctrine which accepts sceptical arguments for the unattainability of absolutely certain knowledge but which admits definite affirmative judgements nonetheless. See:

Front 892

Cognitive Science

Back 892

Cognitive Science: an interdisciplinary program proposing to explain such thought processes as belief-formation, inference, and memory, as species of computation (see computationalism). The central disciplines involved are computer science, psychology, linguistics, and philosophy.

Front 893

COMPATIBILISM

Back 893

Compatibilism:"soft determinism" and most famously championed by Hume, this theory holds that free will and determinism are compatible. Properly understood, according to Hume, freedom is not an absolute ability to have chosen differently under exactly the same inner and outer circumstances. Rather it is a hypothetical ability to have chosen differently if one had been differently psychologically disposed by some different beliefs or desires. Alternately, Hume maintains that free acts are not uncaused (or mysteriously self-caused as Kant would have it) but caused in the right way, i.e., by our choices as determined by our our beliefs and desires, by our characters.Contrast: hard determinism, libertarianism.

Front 894

HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE

Back 894

Hypothetical Imperative: A command that applies, not unconditionally, but only under certain conditions, or given certain purposes. E.g., "If you want to see a good movie rent The Big Lebowski": the command, here, to rent The Big Lebowski applies only on the condition that you want to see a good movie. Similarly, the command to change your oil frequently applies only if you want your car to last; the command to look both ways before crossing only applies if you seek a safe crossing; etc. According to Kant, nonmoral commandments are all of this hypothetical sort. Compare: categorical imperative.

Front 895

DETERMINISM

Back 895

Determinism: every event has a cause and everything in the universe is governed by causal laws. Since determinists believe that all events, including human actions, are predetermined, determinism is thought by libertarians and hard determinists to be incompatible with free will. Hard determinists deny there is free will on the grounds that everything is causally determined. Libertarians deny that everything is causally determined on the grounds that there is free will.Soft determinists follow Hume in holding determinism and free will (rightly understood) are compatible: free acts are not uncaused on compatibilist conceptions of freedom, they're just caused in the right way, by the agents beliefs and desires. See compatibilism.

Front 896

THEORY LADEN

Back 896

Theory Laden: The property of observations varying with, or depending upon, the theoretical commitments of the observer. Insofar as observations are theory laden, your beliefs -- as shaped by the theory or paradigm you accept -- determine what you observe, so that partisans of different theories (or paradigms) will observe differently.

Front 897

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Back 897

Categorical Imperative: An absolute unconditional command, allowing no exceptions. The commands of morality, according to Kant, are all of this type and are all derivable from a single root imperative -- the Categorical Imperative -- "Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become universal law" (see maxim).

Front 898

CAPITALISM

Back 898

Capitalism: Form of economic organization based on the private ownership of the means and forces of production in an industrial economy. The historical successor of feudalism (a system of private ownership of the means and forces of agricultural production) and, according to Karl Marx, destined to be succeeded by communism (a system of public ownership of the forces and means of industrial production).

Front 899

PEORT

Back 899

A trope is the figurative use of an expression.
anthimeria, euphemism, hyperbole, irony,litotes, meiosis,metaphor, metonymy,
onomatopoeia, oxymoron, paradox, pun, simile.

Front 900

TONE

Back 900

A tone is a pitch element or register added to a syllable to convey grammatical or lexical information.
* lexical tone
* grammatical tone

Front 901

GRAMMATICAL TONE

Back 901

Grammatical tone is the distinctive pitch level which marks contrasts in grammatical features such as tense, aspect, and case.

Front 902

LEXICAL TONE

Back 902

Lexical tone is the distinctive pitch level carried by the syllable of a word which is an essential feature of the meaning of that word.

Front 903

A prefix is an --- that is joined before a root or stem.

Back 903

A prefix is an affix that is joined before a root or stem.
The prefix un- attaches to the front of the stem selfish to form the word unselfish.

Front 904

INFLEXION

Back 904

Inflection is variation in the form of a word, typically by means of an affix, that expresses a grammatical contrast which is obligatory for the stem’s word class in some given grammatical context.

Front 905

ROOT

Back 905

ROOT
A root is the portion of a word that
* is common to a set of derived or inflected forms, if any, when all affixes are removed
* is not further analyzable into meaningful elements, being Morphologically simple, and
* carries the principle portion of meaning of the words in which it functions.
If a root does not occur by itself in a meaningful way in a language, it is referred to as a bound morpheme.
* Disestablish
* Establishment

Front 906

CADENCE

Back 906

CADENCE
The recurrent rhythmical pattern in lines of verse; also, the natural tone or modulation of the voice determined by the alternation of accented or unaccented syllables.

Sidelight: Cadence differs from meter in that it is not necessarily regular, but rather a more flexible concept of rhythm such as is characteristic of free verse and prose poetry.

Front 907

STROPHE

Back 907

STROPHE
In modern poetry, a stanza or rhythmic system of two or more lines arranged as a unit. In classical poetry, a strophe is the first division in the triadic structure of Pindaric verse, corresponding metrically to the antistrophe which follows it; also, the stanza preceding or alternating with the antistrophe in ancient lyric poetry.
A poem consisting of just one stanza is monostrophic; a poem with the repetition of metrically identical stanzas is homostrophic; a poem not divided into strophic units or that is arranged in irregular stanzas is astrophic.

Front 908

SYNESTHESIA

Back 908

SYNESTHESIA
The description of one kind of sense impression in words normally used to describe a different sense, like a "loud aroma" or a "velvety smile." It can be very effective for creating vivid imagery.

Front 909

SYNESTHETIC METAPHOR

Back 909

SYNESTHETIC METAPHOR
A metaphor that suggests a similarity between experiences in different senses, as "a gourmet of country music."
(See also Conceit, Kenning, Mixed Metaphor).

Front 910

SYMPLOCE (sim-PLOH-see)

Back 910

SYMPLOCE (sim-PLOH-see or sim-PLAW-see)
The repetition of a word or expression at the beginnings plus the repetition of a word or expression at the ends of successive phrases, i.e., a combination of both anaphora and epistrophe.

Front 911

ANAPHORA

Back 911

ANAPHORA
Repetition of the same word or expression at the beginning of successive lines for rhetorical or poetic effect, Lincoln: "we cannot dedicate- we cannot consecrate-we cannot hallow this ground". Fitzgerald:
Sans Wine, sans Song, sans Singer, and--sans End!

Front 912

EPISTROPHE

Back 912

EPISTROPHE (ehp-ISS-truh-fee)
Also called epiphora, the repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases or verses, as in Lincoln's "of the people, by the people, for the people."

Front 913

RHYTHM

Back 913

RHYTHM
Regular or progressive pattern of recurrent accents in the flow of a poem as determined by the arses and theses of the metrical feet, i.e., the rise and fall of stress. The measure of rhythmic quantity is the meter.
A rhythmic pattern in which the accent falls on the final syllable of each foot, as in the iamb or anapest, is called a rising or ascending rhythm; a rhythmic pattern with the accent occurring on the first syllable of each foot, as in the dactyl or trochee, is a falling or descending rhythm.
From an easy lilt to the rough cadence of a primitive chant, rhythm is the organization of sound patterns the poet has created for pleasurable reading.

Front 914

PERIPHRASIS

Back 914

PERIPHRASIS
The substitution of an elaborate phrase in place of a simple word or expression, as "fragrant beverage drawn from China's herb" for tea.
"the bleating kind," for sheep. Milton's "he who walked the waves," for Jesus in Lycidas.
A periphrasis may be used as a euphemism as well as an embellishment. It can also be used for humorous effect.

Front 915

PITCH

Back 915

PITCH
The frequency of sound waves which the listener perceives as higher or lower. Along with intensity and length (duration), it is one of the three tonal qualities of sound.

Front 916

THE FOURTH WALL

Back 916

The fourth wall
the imaginary invisible wall at the front of the stage in a proscenium theatre, through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play. The concept is generally presumed to have begun in the twentieth century with the advent of theatrical realism.
Origin and meaning
Although it originated in theatre, where conventional three-walled stage sets provide a more literal "fourth wall", the term has been adopted by other media, such as cinema, television and literature, to more generally refer to the boundary between the fiction and the audience.

Front 917

PHYSIOG NOMY

Back 917

Physiognomy
physiognomy stays on the surface, on the skin, studying facial features, the lineaments of the body, and even gesture and expression. An individual's nature can be judged by scrutinizing the outside of him or her. "read that countenance" In the novels of the eighteenth century, especially, the body comes to be a central site of meaning, one on which a language more eloquent than words is thought to be inscribed.

Front 918

ACCUSATIVE

Back 918

It comes from the Latin name (accUsAtIvus), which the Romans got by translating the Greek word for the case name. Unfortunately, they translated it incorrectly. The Greek term was aitiAtikE, from the noun aitiA, which means "cause"; hence the accusative was the thing caused by the verb, the verb's result. However, aitiA can also mean "accusation", and the Romans translated the case name based on this meaning, even though it's not the one that applied. Classic case of the words not matching up one-to-one between languages and the wrong one getting picked.

Front 919

STRIPLING

Back 919

Stripling is a diminutive of strip, as if a small strip from
the main stock or stem.

Front 920

SIDE

Back 920

Assumption of superiority.
puts on/has too much side.

Front 921

CONSPECTUS

Back 921

SCOPE

Front 922

MISCREANT

Back 922

MISCREANT

HERETIC

Front 923

ASSEVERATE

Back 923

ASSEVERATE
solemnly declare.

Front 924

MONDAINE

Back 924

MONDAINE VS INGENUE

Front 925

SUFFRAGE

Back 925

SUFFRAGE
"Their suffrage is claimed with equal competence by the orthodox and heretical parties..." (Gibbon).

Front 926

LOTHARIO

Back 926

LOTHARIO
Libertine, rake.
Character from Rowe's "Fair Penitent" (1703).

Front 927

RENITENT

Back 927

RENITENT
Persistently opposed.

Front 928

FORTWITH

Back 928

FORTWITH

Immediately, without delay, eftstoons.

Front 929

WITHAL

Back 929

WITHAL
adv.
In addition; besides: "And, withal, a wider publicity was given to thought-provoking ideas".

Front 930

WITHAL

Back 930

Polonius. My honored lord, I will most humbly take my leave of you.
Hamlet. You cannot, sir, take from me anything that I will more willingly part withal--except my life--except my life--except my life.

Front 931

ALBEIT

Back 931

ALBEIT
conj.
all though it be.

Front 932

IMBRUE

Back 932

IMBRUE
Stain.
HAnd, sword etc with blood, slaughter.

Front 933

PENUMBRA

Back 933

PENUMBRA
"...precise and unambiguous terms with no inherited penumbra of meaning".

Front 934

PENUMBRA

Back 934

PENUMBRA
Partly shaded region around shadow of opaque body esp around shadow of moon or earth in eclipse.

Front 935

UNCIAL

Back 935

UNCIAL
Block letters. BOK is in uncial and half uncial.

Front 936

AUREATE

Back 936

AUREATE
highly ornamented (diction).
lit golden.

Front 937

SWATH

Back 937

SWATH
Ridge of grass, corn etc. lying after being cut; space left clear after one passage of mower etc.

Front 938

CURSIVE

Back 938

CURSIVE
joined characters. opp block,uncial

Front 939

SYNTHESIS

gram

Back 939

SYNTHESIS
Making of compound & derivative words, preference of composition & inflexion to use of prepositions etc.

Front 940

ANALSISY

Back 940

Analyse = resolve sentence into its grammatical elements

Front 941

RECURSIVE DEFINITION

Back 941

RECURSIVE DEFINITION
Definition of mathematical function in terms of the function itself. This is not circular because it allows complex cases to be reduced to simpler ones, and repeated application of the recursive definition produces a basic independently defined case. The definition of the factorial function (n!) as n! = n(n-1)! is recursive requiring separate definition of the special case of 0! =1.

Front 942

DENDRITIC

Back 942

DENDRITIC
Of or like a dendrite (dendron tree).

Front 943

NORMATIVE

Back 943

NORMATIVE
Bayes theorem provides a normative model to assess how well people use empirical information to update the probability that a hypothesis is true.

Front 944

GENETICALLY EXPENSIVE

Back 944

GENETICALLY EXPENSIVE
Evolutionary expensive behaviour.
Molecular gamble.

Front 945

ON A HIDING TO NOTHING

Back 945

ON A HIDING TO NOTHING
In a position from which there can be no succesful outcome.

Front 946

NORMATIVE

Back 946

NORMATIVE
Norm-creating process that John Rawls in is Theory of Justice terms "reflective equilibrium".

Front 947

SOFT-LEFT WORLD VIEW

Back 947

SOFT-LEFT WORLD VIEW
Instinctive statism, cordial anti-capitalism, and bien-pensant internationalism.

Front 948

the sun falling through the stained glass

Back 948

he bars of darkness in the room, and the yellow pools which chequered the floor, made by the sun falling through the stained glass of a vast coat of arms in the window

Front 949

A NORMATIVE TOOL

Back 949

A NORMATIVE TOOL
Medical humanities remains to be thoroughly assessed as a normative tool-that is a mechanism of critical reflection on the fundamental human virtues and principles of conduct that underpin regulatory systems.

Front 950

NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES AND JURISPRUDENTIAL METHOD.

Back 950

It involves the judiciary's attempt to discern and render coherent the mass of normative principles on which their community has reached apparent consensus.

Front 951

LAW AS INTERPRETATION

Back 951

Ronald Dworkin

Front 952

all was turned with a fluency and sweetness

Back 952

there was never a word said as he himself would have said it, but all was turned with a fluency and sweetness. O.

Front 953

CONFOUND

Back 953

there were Kings and Queens of impossible territories; horrid plots confounded them; O.

Front 954

RUEFUL LAUGH

Back 954

RUEFUL LAUGH
Sorrowful (affected).

Front 955

HEBB'S RULE

Back 955

Dennett expresses this thought as “Hebb's rule” after the psychologist Daniel Hebb, who said “if it's not worth doing, it's not worth doing well”. If you live by that rule, Dennett says sardonically, “an awful lot of philosophy wouldn't get done”.

Front 956

ORDINANCE

Back 956

ORDINANCE
Authoritative direction, decree; enactment by local authority.

Front 957

RECENSION

Back 957

RECENSION
Revision of text.

Front 958

PERIOD

Back 958

PERIOD
Complete sentence, esp one consisting of several clauses;
periods, rhetorical language.

Front 959

PERIODIC SENTENCE

Back 959

PERIODIC SENTENCE
In the periodic sentence the climax comes at the clsoe. The reader is held in suspense until at last he hears what he has long been waiting for, and only then is he able to comprehend the sentence as a whole. Cultivated by orators, Demosthenes, Cicero, Burke & Gladstone.

Front 960

SYNCOPHATION

Back 960

SYNCOPHATION
symbology
pacifist
idolatory.

Front 961

CROSSPATCH

Back 961

CROSSPATCH

Patch , fool, clown.

Front 962

NECK AND CROP

Back 962

altogether; roughly and at once.
completely; wholly; altogether; roughly and at once.

Front 963

MINL

Back 963

LIMN
paint depict portray

Front 964

MAYHEM

Back 964

MAYHEM
crime of mayhem
violent or damaging action

Front 965

WEFT AND WARP

Back 965

WEFT AND WARP

Front 966

PINTER

Back 966

“Apart from the known and the unknown, what is there?”

Front 967

Colin McGinn
So there is a sense in which --- --- is more solidly founded in our natural constitution than knowledge of ---: we acquire it with less effort of will and mental labour, as we acquire language.
Ethics Evil and Fiction

Back 967

Colin McGinn
So there is a sense in which ethical knowledge is more solidly founded in our natural constitution than knowledge of science: we acquire it with less effort of will and mental labour, as we acquire language.
Ethics Evil and Fiction

Front 968

THE FIRST DUTY OF LIFE

Back 968

Oscar Wilde
The first duty in life is to be as artificial as possible. What the second duty is no one has yet discovered.
Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young

Front 969

A LOCAL BUMP

Back 969

Willard Quine
Physics investigates the essential nature of the world, and biology describes a local bump. Psychology, human psychology, describes a bump on the bump.
Theories and Things

Front 970

COUNTER

Back 970

Thomas Hobbes
For words are wise men's counters, they do but reckon with them; but they are the money of fools.
Leviathan

Front 971

Thomas Hobbes
The praise of --- --- proceeds not from the --- of the dead, but from the ---, and mutual envy of the ---.
Leviathan

Back 971

Thomas Hobbes
The praise of ancient authors proceeds not from the reverence of the dead, but from the competition, and mutual envy of the living.
Leviathan

Front 972

FLIES

Back 972

When the show opens ...the boat will float down from the flies

Front 973

GEYSERING

Back 973

he was a different man entirely from that geysering fireplug Max

Front 974

SHTICKY BLUSTER

Back 974

he has shed Bialystock's shticky bluster in favor of something subtler and more tentative.

Front 975

NANOTIMING

Back 975

NANOTIMING
his trademark nanotiming

Front 976

INDE FATIGUE ABLE

Back 976

INDE FATIGUE ABLE
In de fatigabilis, from in-, "not" + defatigare, "to tire out," from de-, intensive prefix + fatigare, "to weary."
active, tireless, unflagging, vigorous.

Front 977

ICONIC PAINTING

Back 977

ICONIC PAINTING
Iconic Munch Painting Stolen from Museum in Norway

Front 978

FOOFARAW:

Back 978

FOOFARAW:
Excessive or flashy ornamentation or decoration.
the fanfares and foofaraw in which brass-going
composers so often indulge.
fanfares and foofaraw
A fuss over a matter of little importance.

Front 979

DEBOUCH

Back 979

DEBOUCH
intrans verb:
1.To march out (as from a wood, defile, or other narrow or confined spot) into the open.
2. To emerge; to issue.
transitive verb:
To cause to emerge or issue; to discharge.
he debouched from behind the counter and hit them.
numerous streams and rivers debouch to the Bay of Bengal.
the streets wind upward through scowling walls of medievalism, until they debouch in the square outside the cathedral door.
déboucher, from dé- (for de), "out of" (from Latin de) + bouche, "mouth" (from Latin bucca, "cheek, mouth"). Debouchment.

Front 980

HUGGER-MUGGER

Back 980

HUGGER-MUGGER: disorder...secret (cogair): cuggermugger.
his wisdom seems to be a hugger-mugger of twisted cliches from his reading of airport trash picked up as he traveled from bout to bout.

Front 981

EPISTROPHE

Back 981

EPISTROPHE
of the repeated final sentence
In the early sections that separately recount each crash, the epistrophe of the repeated final sentence infuses the account with the aura of a
dirge ("All on board, along with an unknown number of people... were killed instantly").

Front 982

CIRCUMAMBIENT

Back 982

CIRCUMAMBIENT
circumambient
*the self owes its form and perhaps its very existence to the circumambient social order.
*yielding or adjusting to circumambient forces.

Front 983

INDITE vs INDICT

Back 983

INDITE vs INDICT
"INDITE" looks like a misspelling of its homophone "INDICT," meaning "to charge with a crime," and that's no They are related etymologically. "Indite" is the older of the two; it
has been in the language since the 1300s. "Indict," which came about as an alteration of "indite," first appeared in English legal use around 1600. Ultimately, both terms come from the Latin "INDICERE," meaning "TO PROCLAIM," which in turn comes from
"IN-" plus "DICERE," meaning "to say."

Front 984

YOU (sing)
YOU (plu)

TO BE, past tense

Back 984

YOU WAS (SING)
YOU WERE (PLU)

Front 985

DESUETUDE

Back 985

DISUSE
popular Marian devotions fell into desuetude.
an edict of King Henry II, now fallen into desuetude, once made their action punishable by death.
Where specific restrictions on personal freedom and on communal activity had not explicitly been lifted they were allowed to fall into desuetude by default.
The exercise of rights which had practically passed into desuetude.
desuetudo, "disuse," from desuescere, "to become unaccustomed," from de- + suescere, "to become used or accustomed."

Front 986

LAND OF NOD

Back 986

land of Nod, noun:
sleep
Land of Nod is a pun on the biblical place-name, the country to which Cain journeyed after slaying Abel. See Genesis, 4:16.

Front 987

ORIENTALISM

Back 987

Orientalism is the study of Eastern societies by Western scholars. It can also refer to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists.
In the former meaning the term Orientalism has negative connotations; interpreted to refer to the study of the East by Americans and Europeans shaped by the attitudes of the era of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. It implies old-fashioned and prejudiced outsider interpretations of Eastern cultures and peoples.
This viewpoint was articulated by Edward Said in his book Orientalism (1978), which was critical of this scholarly tradition and of modern scholars including Bernard Lewis.

Front 988

Ashkenazic
Sephardic
Mizrachi

Back 988

The word "Ashkenazic" is derived from the Hebrew word for Germany. The word "Sephardic" is derived from the Hebrew word for Spain. The word "Mizrachi" is derived from the Hebrew word for Eastern.

Front 989

Yiddish.
Ladino.

Back 989

The Yiddish language, which many people think of as the international language of Judaism, is really the language of Ashkenazic Jews. Sephardic Jews have their own international language: Ladino, which was based on Spanish and Hebrew in the same way that Yiddish was based on German and Hebrew.

Front 990

FLAGITIOUS

Back 990

Flagitious comes from Latin flagitiosus, from flagitium, "a shameful or disgraceful act," originally, "a burning desire, heat of passion," from flagitare, "to demand earnestly or hotly," connected with flagrare, "to blaze, to burn."

Front 991

ALGOLAGNIA

Back 991

algolagnia
n. taking sexual pleasure in inflicting or enduring pain. algolagnic, a. algolagnist, n.

Front 992

PARAPHILIA

Back 992

PARAPHILIA
A paraphilia is a condition in which a person's sexual arousal and gratification depend on fantasizing about and engaging in sexual behavior that is atypical and extreme. A paraphilia can revolve around a particular object (e.g., children, animals, underwear) or around a particular act (e.g.,inflicting pain, exposing oneself).

Front 993

MARX

The mode of production of the material means of existence...

Back 993

"The mode of production of the material means of existence conditions the whole process of social, political and intellectual life.It is not the consiousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, it is their social existence that determines their consiousness".

Front 994

EQUITY AT A PRICE

Back 994

Certain ideas about equality are woven into the fabric of the liberal state, and quite inseparable from it: first equality before the law. But equality before the law, and some other kinds of liberal equality, can be universally granted without infringing anybody's rights. Economic equality cannot. A concern to level economic outcomes must express itself as policies that advance one group's interests at the expense of another's. This puts political and ethical limits on how far the drive for economic equality ought to go. (Strictly practical limits, as well, since too noble a determination to take from the rich to give to the poor will end up impoverishing everyone.)Perfect economic equality should never be embraced, even implicitly, as an ideal. Perfect economic equality is a nightmare: nothing short of a totalitarian tyranny could ever hope to achieve it.

Front 995

POSITIONAL GOOD

Back 995

A positional good is an intrinsically scarce good whose value is determined by its social environment, as opposed to a material good which has innate value. A positional good is something which is inherently finite and cannot be increased by devoting more economic resources to it because its value is dependent on how much is owned relative to what other people own. More people acquiring a positional good diminishes its value.
Examples include social status, quality real estate, and athletic ability. The measure of satisfaction derived from a positional good depends on how much you have in relation to everyone else. A society that devotes more resources to positional goods is wasting effort, since the goal is for some individuals to gain an advantage over other people.

Front 996

ZER0-SUM GAME

Back 996

Positional goods are characterized as representing zero-sum games because they are inherently scarce, only possessing relative value. Attempts to acquire them can only benefit one player at the expense of others. Not everyone can be popular, cool, or elite by definition, and in the same sense not everyone can be a star athlete because all those terms imply a separation or superiority over other people. Real estate is said to represent a positional good

Front 997

PARISOLOGY

Back 997

parisology
The use of ambiguous words

Front 998

AMBIGUITY

Back 998

ambiguity
An expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context.

Front 999

SEXUAL INNUENDO

Back 999

sexual innuendo.
If you’re in a certain Beavis & Butthead-like state, "Innuendo" itself becomes a sexual innuendo. (It’s also Latin for "nodding at," presumably while winking. )

Front 1000

KAIROS

Back 1000

kairos, the art of seizing the moment.

Front 1001

ENTHYMEME

Back 1001

They state their case through a classic enthymeme, Aristotle’s rhetorical version of his logical syllogism. The enthymeme (“something in the mind”) takes the audience’s value or belief as a jumping-off point for an argument. It goes like this: belief, therefore conclusion. It’s the centerpiece of Aristotelian Logos, the rational part of argument.

Front 1002

LITOTES

Back 1002

litotes, the figure of ironic understatement.

Front 1003

Darwinain evolution is a --------- ----------- consequence of ----------- displaying ----------- ---------- in a --------- -----------.

Back 1003

Darwinain evolution is a logically unavoidable consequence of replicators displaying heritable variation in a selective environment.

Front 1004

EXPEDITIOUS

Back 1004

expeditious:
Expeditus, "unshackled, unimpeded, ready for action," from expedire, "to free (one's feet) from a snare; hence, to get out, to set free, to get ready for action," from ex-, "out of" + pes, ped-, "foot."

Front 1005

IMPLACABLE

Back 1005

...to prosecute the guilty with implacable zeal.
he continued walking, his shoulders bent beneath the implacable sun.
She conducted her life and her work with all the steady and
implacable seriousness of a steamroller.
Implacabilis, from in-, not + placabilis, placable, from placo, placare, to soothe, calm, appease.

Front 1006

RAPINE

Back 1006

RAPINE:
He who has once begun to live by rapine always finds reasons for taking what is not his.
- Niccolo Machiavelli.
Extortion and rapine are poor providers.
Rapina, from rapere, "to seize and carry off, to snatch or hurry away," which also gives us rapid.

Front 1007

DO NOT SEEK OUTSIDE YOURSELF

Back 1007

NE TE QUAESIVERIS EXTRA.
Ne te quaesiveris extra.

Front 1008

A MAN SHOULD LEARN TO DETECT AND WATCH

Back 1008

A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought, because it is his.
Emerson.

Front 1009

VIRTU

Back 1009

VIRTU
1. taste for fine objects of art.
2. Productions of art (especially fine antiques).
3. Artistic quality.
these art works clearly spoke to the wealth, taste and *virtu* of their owner.
...books, statuary, articles of *virtu* and bric-a-brac are on every side.
Italian /virtù/ "virtue, excellence," from Latin /virtus/, "excellence, worth, goodness, virtue."

Front 1010

ANTHIMERIA

Back 1010

Anthimeria (Greek: "one part for another") is the use of a word of one class as if it were a member of another, typically the use of a noun as a verb.
* "I'll unhair thy head." (Antony and Cleopatra, II, v.)
"The thunder would not peace at my bidding". (King Lear, IV, vi.)
* "Me, dictionary-ing heavily, (Hemingway)
* "Gift him with Playboy."

Front 1011

STASIS

Back 1011

In rhetorical theory a stasis is the issue on which a case hinges

Front 1012

ATRABILIOUS

Back 1012

Melancholic; gloomy.

Front 1013

APPRISE

Back 1013

became apprised of this news,
apprise him of the bare clinical facts only.
He apprised her of his plan

Front 1014

STASIS
questions of stasis

Back 1014

Did he do it?/of Fact/Conjectural Stasis
What did he do?/of Definition/Definitional Stasis
Was it just or expedient?/of Quality/Qualitative Stasis
Is this the right venue for this issue?/of Jurisdiction/Translative
Stasis.

Front 1015

PRIVATION
etym.

Back 1015

privatus, past participle of privare, "to strip, to deprive of," originally, "to separate from, to put aside, to exempt," from privus, "single, private."

Front 1016

FICTIONAL TROPE

Back 1016

the fictional trope of the unreliable narrator.

Front 1017

TWO OVERLAPPING NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 1017

If we hold a magnifying glass to the tail of the distribution, we see that even though the distributions overlap in the bulk of the curves, when you get out to the extremes the difference between the two curves gets larger and larger.

Front 1018

OVERLAPPING DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 1018

Distributions of height for men and women overlap. But while at five foot ten there are thirty men for every woman, at six feet there are two thousand men for every woman.

Front 1019

ALL OUR INTRINSIC VALUES

Back 1019

"all our 'intrinsic' values started out as instrumental values".

Front 1020

CLARA ET DISTINCTA

Back 1020

Deinde cum idea ficta non possit esse clara et distincta, sed solummodo confusa, et omnis confusio inde procedat, quod mens rem integram aut ex multis compositam tantum ex parte noscat, et notum ab ignoto non distinguat; praeterea quod ad multa, quae continentur in unaquaque re, simul attendat sine ulla distinctione; inde sequitur primo, quod si idea sit alicuius rei simplicissimae, ea non nisi clara et distincta poterit esse. Nam res illa non ex parte, sed tota aut nihil eius innotescere debebit. (TIE).

Front 1021

TROPE

etym

Back 1021

trope
Tropus "a figure of speech," Gk. tropos "turn, direction, turn or figure of speech," related to trope "a turning" and tropein "to turn," from PIE base trep- "to turn" (cf. Skt. trapate "is ashamed, confused," prop. "turns away in shame;" L. trepit "he turns").

Front 1022

MIZRACHI

Back 1022

The word "Mizrachi" is derived from the Hebrew word for Eastern.

Front 1023

BRANCHES OF ORATORY

Back 1023

"Branches" of Oratory
Judicial
Deliberative
Epideictic

Front 1024

KAIROS

Back 1024

Kairos (καιρός) is an ancient Greek word meaning the "right or opportune moment". The ancient Greeks had two words for time, chronos and kairos. While the former refers to chronological or sequential time, the latter signifies "a time in between", a moment of undetermined period of time in which "something" special happens. What the special something is depends on who is using the word. While chronos is quantitative, kairos has a qualitative nature.

Front 1025

ERROR BAR

Back 1025

ERROR BAR
An error bar chart shows the mean value of a score for different groups of patients. Along with the mean, shown as a plotted symbol, the plots show an error bar which is shown as a "T" and a upside-down "T" on top of and below the symbol. If we draw another random sample of patients of the same kind (from the same population), it is 95% likely that the mean for the new sample will fall in the area bounded by the two error bars ("T" characters).

Front 1026

If the means and their --- --- do not ---, then we will find a "statistically significant" difference between the groups. If the means and their --- --- for two groups overlap, then the groups are probably not significantly different from one another in a --- --- and additional samples will tend to show that the groups are --- --- from one another.

Back 1026

In comparing groups, the error bars help us to remember that we are working with a samples of patients when we try to draw conclusions that one group is higher (or lower) on average than another. If the means and their error regions do not overlap, then we will find a "statistically significant" difference between the groups. If the means and their error regions for two groups overlap, then the groups are probably not significantly different from one another in a statistical sense, and additional samples will tend to show that the groups are not distinguishable from one another.

Front 1027

ENGLISH,
UNTIL well into 20C

Back 1027

English, until well into the 20C was thought as having six different noun cases, because Latin has six. (A noun case is how that noun's grammatical use is distinguished, for example as a subject or as an object.)

Front 1028

--- CASES IN ENGLISH

Back 1028

Only relatively recently did grammarians begin a debate over noun cases in English. Some now contend that it does not have noun cases at all.

Front 1029

FOUR NOUN CASES

Back 1029

it has two (one for the possessive, the other for everything else) while still others maintain that there are three or four cases. These would include the nominative (for the subject of a sentence), the accusative (for its object) and the genitive (to indicate possession).

Front 1030

NOUN CASES

Back 1030

Some contend that English does not have noun casesl, others that it has two (the possessive, everything else)

Front 1031

A --- DISTRIBUTION falls off ---

Back 1031

A normal distribution falls off according to the negative exponential of the square of the distance from the mean. That means that even when there is only a small difference in the means of two distributions, the more extreme a score, the greater the disparity there will be in the two kinds of individuals having such a score.

Front 1032

PRACTICAL REASONING

Back 1032

Practical reason is the general human capacity for resolving, through reflection, the question of what one is to do. Deliberation of this kind is practical in at least two senses. First, it is practical in its subject matter, insofar as it is concerned with action. But it is also practical in its consequences or its issue, insofar as reflection about action itself directly moves people to act.

Front 1033

A SPECIES OF COMPUTATION

Back 1033

belief-formation, inference, and memory, as species of computation

Front 1034

COUNTERFACTUAL

Back 1034

The basic idea of counterfactual theories of causation is that the meaning of a singular causal claim of the form "Event c caused event e" can be explained in terms of counterfactual conditionals of the form "If c had not occurred, e would not have occurred".

Front 1035

FLIES

Back 1035

When the show opens ...the boat will float down from the flies on chains.

Front 1036

FIREPLUG

Back 1036

that geysering fireplug Max
Bialystock

Front 1037

SCHTICKY

Back 1037

he shed Bialystock's shticky bluster in favor of something subtler and more tentative.

Front 1038

TIMING

Back 1038

his trademark nanotiming

Front 1039

POINTILLISM

Back 1039

pointillism
Term taken from painting (referring to pictures using separate dots of colour)

Front 1040

TORQUE

Back 1040

force tending to produce rotation. torquate(d), a. having a collar.

Front 1041

CHARACTER, EMOTION, OBJECT

Back 1041

leitmotif (Ger.)
Leading motif.
a recurring theme symbolising a character, emotion or object.

Front 1042

assuming the truth of the conclusion of an argument as one of the premises employed in an effort to demonstrate its truth

Back 1042

BEG THE QUESTION

Front 1043

The application of an adjective to a noun in anticipation of the action of the verb

Back 1043

while plows turn the furrowed field.

Front 1044

SOLLUS CIERE

Back 1044

sollus, "whole, entire"
+ citus, past participle of ciere, "to move, to stir."

Front 1045

PARAPHILIA

Back 1045

sexual behavior that is atypical and extreme

Front 1046

AMASIAN

Back 1046

OE amasian, "to confound." related to amaze, which
originally meant "to bewilder."

Front 1047

RARANT

Back 1047

ARRANT
The moon's an arrant thief,
And her pale fire she snatches from the sun.
Shakespeare, Timon of Athens
Arrant was originally a variant spelling of errant, meaning "wandering."
It was first applied to vagabonds, as an arrant (or errant) rogue or thief, and hence passed gradually into its present sense. It ultimately derives from iter, "a journey."

Front 1048

VERECUNDIA

Back 1048

An appeal to authority or argument by authority is a type of argument in logic, consisting on basing the truth value of an otherwise unsupported assertion on the authority, knowledge or position of the person asserting it. It is also known as argument from authority, argumentum ad verecundiam (Latin: argument to respect) or ipse dixit (Latin: he himself said it).

Front 1049

INVENTION

Back 1049

invention/inventio/heuresis
Invention is finding something to say (invenire, to find).

Front 1050

FACTORIAL FUNCTION

Back 1050

The definition of the factorial function (n!) as n! = n(n-1)! is recursive requiring separate definition of the special case of 0! =1.

Front 1051

Instrumentalism is

Back 1051

Instrumentalism is finding causes for outcomes -- has sometimes also been called the instrumentalist position usually has it that practical justification bottoms out in desires one just has: you can reason about how to get what you want, but not about what to want in the first place.

Front 1052

SYLLEPSIS

Back 1052

SYLLEPSIS
Syllepsis is the term given to a zeugma when the clauses are not parallel either in meaning or grammar. They are figures of speech in which one word simultaneously modifies two or more other words such that the modification must be understood differently with respect to each modified word. This creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous.

Front 1053

DISTRIBUTED TERM

Back 1053

Distributed Term Changes Meaning

The governing term can change meaning in its distribution, sometimes to comical effect.

alter cum res gestas tum etiam stadium atque auris adhibere posset.—Cicero, Pro Archia Poeta, (62)
the other was able to lend not only his achievements, but also his support and ears
Here thou, great Anna! whom three realms obey,
Dost sometimes counsel take - and sometimes tea.
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock

He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men.
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried

Front 1054

NUMEN

Back 1054

nu·men Pronunciation (nmn, ny-)
n. pl. nu·mi·na (-m-n)
1. A presiding divinity or spirit of a place.
2. A spirit believed by animists to inhabit certain natural phenomena or objects.
3. Creative energy; genius.
[Latin nmen, nod of the head, divine power, numen.]

Front 1055

NUMINA

Back 1055

Numina
Numina ("presence", singular numen) is a Latin term for deity and conveys the sense of immanence, of the sacred spirit that informs places and objects in Roman religion. The multiplication of names for Italic gods may obscure this sense of numinous presence in all the mundane actions of the natural world.
The word numen is also used by sociologists to refer to the idea of magical power residing in an object, particular when writing about ideas in the western tradition. When used in this sense, numen is nearly synonymous with mana." However, some authors reserve use of mana for ideas about magic from Polynesia and southeast Asia.
Note that etymologically the Latin word numen originally and literally meant "nodding," but was also associated with meanings of "command" or "divine majesty."

Front 1056

CHOP LOGIC

Back 1056

chop·log·ic
Complicated, often illogical or spurious argumentation.
From to chop logic, to bandy logic, from chop, to bandy,
exchange (obsolete).
choplogic —ADJECTIVE

Front 1057

MALEN

Back 1057

Dutch maelstroom, from malen, "to grind, hence to whirl round," + stroom, "stream."

Front 1058

INSTRUMENTALISM

Back 1058

the variety of pragmatism developed by John Dewey, maintaining that the truth of an idea is determined by its success in the active solution of a problem and that the value of ideas is determined by their function in human experience.

Front 1059

INSTRUMENTALISM

Back 1059

A pragmatic theory that ideas are instruments that function as guides of action, their validity being determined by the success of the action.

Front 1060

GENETIC DRIFT

Back 1060

Genetic drift is the term used in population genetics to refer to the statistical drift over time of allele frequencies in a finite population due to random sampling effects in the formation of successive generations. In a narrower sense, genetic drift refers to the expected population dynamics of neutral alleles (those defined as having no positive or negative impact on fitness), which are predicted to eventually become fixed at zero or 100% frequency in the absence of other mechanisms affecting allele distributions.

Front 1061

NATURAL SELECTION
GENETIC DRIFT

Back 1061

Whereas natural selection describes the tendency of beneficial alleles to become more common over time (and detrimental ones less common), genetic drift refers to the fundamental tendency of any allele to vary randomly in frequency over time due to statistical variation alone, so long as it does not comprise all or none of the distribution.

Front 1062

PET
----- PHYSICS

Back 1062

Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging technique that exploits the unique decay physics of positron-emitting isotopes.

Front 1063

INQUIRY

Back 1063

Inquiry is any proceeding or process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem. A theory of inquiry is an account of the various types of inquiry and a treatment of the ways that each type of inquiry achieves its aim.

Front 1064

INQUIRY

Back 1064

1.a seeking or request for truth, information, or knowledge.
2.an investigation, as into an incident: a Congressional inquiry into the bribery charges.
3.the act of inquiring or of seeking information by questioning; interrogation.
4.a question; query. Also, enquiry.
study, scrutiny, exploration.

Front 1065

RECURSIVE DEFINITION

Back 1065

RECURSIVE DEFINITION
Definition of mathematical function in terms of the function itself.

Front 1066

FASCINATE

Back 1066

Fascinate from L fascinare 'to bewitch or enchant'.'to bewitch': "I was fascinated, by Jupiter: fascinated: but I will be unwitch'd, and reveng'd, by law" (Jonson, Every Man in His Humour, 1598).

Front 1067

BASILISK

Back 1067

In European bestiaries and legends, a basilisk (from the Greek βασιλίσκος basiliskos, a little king, in Latin Regulus) is a legendary reptile reputed to be king of serpents and said to have the power of causing death by a single glance. According to the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, the basilisk is a small snake that is so venomous that it leaves a wide trail of deadly venom in its wake, and its gaze is likewise lethal.

Front 1068

TORQUATE

Back 1068

torquate(d), a. having a collar.

Front 1069

TENDERE

Back 1069

tendentia, from tendens, tendent-, present participle of tendere, "to stretch, to direct one's course to, to be inclined." It is related to tendency.

Front 1070

TENDENTIA

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Medieval Latin tendentia, from Latin tendens, tendent-, present participle of tendere, "to stretch, to direct one's course to, to be inclined." It is related to tendency.

Front 1071

ARISTOPHANES

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...is set in a troubled, war-plagued society, bereft of moral and cultural leadership. Dionysos, the god of drama as well as wine, decides to venture into Hades with the aim of returning with a great, long-dead playwright to inspire the corrupt contemporary world.
In Aristophanes' account, Dionysos must choose between Aeschylus and Euripides as the playwright to revitalize rotten old Athens. And for the frogs — who embody the conformity and complacency that keeps the world from moving forward.

Front 1072

PENTATEUCH

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Five Books of Moses (not actually composed by Moses; people who believe in divine revelation see him as more
secretary than author), the Torah and the Pentateuch, the Hebrew and Greek names, respectively, for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

Front 1073

WERG

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WERG
IE Roots
werg-To do. Oldest form *wer-, becoming *werg- in centum languages.
Derivatives include work, allergy, surgery, wrought, and orgy.

Front 1074

follow-the-rules prescriptivists
and the permissive descriptivists.

Back 1074

Follow-the-rules prescriptivists (John Simon and the good-usage gang, usually including me) and the
permissive descriptivists (Nunberg, the psychologist-linguist Steven
Pinker, most lexicographers).

Front 1075

EQUIVOCATE

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To /equivocate/ is literally to /call equally one thing or the other/:
It comes from Medieval Latin /aequivocare/, from the Latin /aequus/,
equal + /vocare/, to call (from Latin /vox/, voice).

Front 1076

SUB SPECIE AETERNITATIS

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sub specie aeternitatis
"under the aspect of eternity;" hence, from Spinoza onwards, an honorific expression describing what is universally and eternally true, without any reference to or dependance upon the merely temporal portions of reality.

Front 1077

sub specie temporis nostri

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It is an epic of two races (Israelite - Irish) and at the same time the cycle of the human body as well as a little story (storiella) of a day (life). ...It is also a sort of encyclopedia. My intention is to transpose the myth sub specie temporis nostri.

Front 1078

SOUGH

Back 1078

OE swogan

Front 1079

counterfactual conditional

Back 1079

A counterfactual conditional, or subjunctive conditional, is a conditional (or "if-then") statement indicating what would be the case if its antecedent were true. This is to be contrasted with an indicative conditional, which indicates what is (in fact) the case if its antecedent is (in fact) true.
C

Front 1080

HINTERVELT

Back 1080

1 There are no Hinterwelten
2 I (Nietzsche) find joy in all existence
3 All joy wills eternity.

Front 1081

HINTERVELT

Back 1081

The first proposition is that there are no Hinterwelten. Nietzsche uses the terms ‘andere Welt’ (other world), ‘wahre Welt’ (true world), ‘metaphysische Welt’ (metaphysical world) and, especially, ‘Hinterwelt’ to designate any reality that allegedly transcends this apparent world, i.e., the world we now experience. ‘Hinterwelt’, a neologism, is often translated as "afterworld," but that rendering constricts the meaning, suggesting only some sort of afterlife. A more accurate translation is "world-behind" or "world-beyond"—that is, a reality behind or beyond appearances. Christian heaven, the Kantian noumenon and atemporal Platonic being are paradigmatic Hinterwelten.

Front 1082

PERFIDY

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Perfidus, faithless, treacherous, false, from per-, through (perhaps connoting deviation or infringement, or perhaps explicable by qui per fidem decipit, "who through faith or trust deceives") + fides, faith.

Front 1083

RECURSION

LANGUAGE

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Recursion in language
Chomsky showed that unlimited extension of a language is possible only by the recursive device of embedding sentences in sentences.

Front 1084

RECURSION

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Back 1084

Niels K. Jerne, the 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology, used Chomsky's transformational-generative grammar model to explain the human immune system, equating "components of a generative grammar ... with various features of protein structures." The title of Jerne's Stockholm Nobel lecture was The Generative Grammar of the Immune System.

Front 1085

PRAGMATIC MAXIM

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In order to ascertain the meaning of an intellectual conception one should consider what practical consequences might conceivably result by necessity from the truth of that conception; and the sum of these consequences will constitute the entire meaning of the conception. (Peirce).

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FLAGITIOUS
FLAGITIUM
FLAGITARE

Back 1086

flāgitiōsus, from
flāgitium, shameful act, protest, from flāgitāre, to importune, to demand vehemently.
fla·gi'tious·ly adv., fla·gi'tious·ness n.

Front 1087

REUDH-

Back 1087

Latin rubicundus;
reudh- in IE roots.

Front 1088

SCELUS

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On Virgil, Eclogues, IX. 17. Heu, cadit in quemquam tantum scelus?
Could anyone conceive such wickedness?

Front 1089

THE -------- IS SO .........

Back 1089

the delictum is so flagrante

Front 1090

CORPUS DELICTI

Back 1090

CORPUS DELICTI - The body of the offence; the essence of the crime.