Ventilation

Front 1

Chest Cage

Back 1

1. Protects Lungs, heart and great vessels

2. Acts as and anchor for "respiratory pump"

Front 2

How many pairs of ribs?

Back 2

7 true ribs - are attached directly to the sternum

4 false - attached to sternum indirectly by a cartilage bad or not at all

Front 3

External Intercostal

Back 3

(Between the rib) muscles pull cage out during inspiration

Front 4

Internal Intercostal

Back 4

Are stretched during inspiration and pull back rib cage to it's former shape when active inspiration stops

Front 5

Sternum (3 parts)

Back 5

Manubrium

Body of sternum

Xiphoid notch - avoid during during CPR, can cut into the liver

Front 6

Diaphragm

Back 6

75%

Phrenic Nerve

Originates C3-C5

Front 7

External Intercostals

Back 7

25%

Innervated by spinal nerves T1-12

Front 8

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

Back 8

• scalenes
• sternocleidomastoid
• pectoris
• trapezius

Front 9

Exhalation

Back 9

Dynamic recoil (passive)

Front 10

Forced Exhalation

(Abdominal Muscles)

Back 10

• Rectus Abdominus
• External oblique
• Internal Oblique
• Transverse Abdominus

Front 11

Work of Breathing

Back 11

Mechanical

• also known as ventilatory load

Overcoming RAW

Overcoming CLT (lung compliance)

Metabolic

• oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles

1. Increseases significantly in obstructive disease
2. Increases dramatically in restrictive disease

Front 12

Raw

Back 12

airway resistance, what needs to overcome

• Raw = 1/3 of WOB

Front 13

CLT

Back 13

Lung compliance, overcoming stiffness of the lungs

Front 14

Pouiseille's Law

Back 14

• length of tube
• viscosity of gas
• speed of flow
• radius of tube (r4) Radius biggest factor)

Front 15

Another word for increased Raw

Back 15

obstruction

Front 16

Example of diseases/abnormality that cause obstruction

Back 16

• Amstha - bronchospasm and airway inflammation
• Bronchitis - swelling and increased secretion
• Small Artificial Airway
• Emphysema - destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic fibers

Front 17

Lung Compliance

Back 17

Ability of the lung to extend

• 2/3 of the work of breathing
• CLT = vol/pressure

Front 18

Lung Restriction can cause?

Back 18

Increase work of breathing

• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary fibrosis

Front 19

Lung Elasticity

Back 19

• Lungs ability to recoil to it's pre-inspiratory position
• Elastic fivers in the lung tissue pull lung tissue back to its former shape

Front 20

Distribution of Ventilation

Back 20

• Air pulled (contraction of ventilatory muscles) from intercostal area and bases via the diaphragm
• spread volume more evenly and more deeply
• homogenous spread of air through airways
• enhances diffusion area

Front 21

Ventilation

Back 21

CO2 produced by cellular metabolism

Front 22

Measurement of CO2 produced

Back 22

VCO2

Front 23

Minute Ventilation

Back 23

amount of air pulled into and out of the respiratory system in one minute

Front 24

Dead Space

Back 24

air in the conducting tubes and lung that does no come in contact with blood

Front 25

Alveolar ventilation

Back 25

Amount of air that reaches the gas exchange area

Front 26

Minute Ventilation Equation (VE)

Back 26

VE = Vt x F

Total air in or out of the lungs in one minute

Front 27

Arterial Co2 Tension Equation (PaCO2)

Back 27

VCO2/VA= PaCO2

Front 28

Alveolar Ventilation Equaiton(Va)

Back 28

VA = f x (Vt -Vd)

Front 29

Obstructive Disease

Back 29

Unable to exhale out effectively due to problem with the bronchi or lack of elasticity of the lung

(CBABE)

Front 30

Cystic Fibrosis

Back 30

Inherited disorder that is an exocrine/endocrine disease

• pancreas become fibrotic and cystic
• absorbsion and digestive difficulties
• respiratory difficulties -> short life span and major illnesses
• bronchial glands are affected
• lack of sol layer, causes secretion retention -> repeated bronchial infections

Front 31

Chronic Bronchitis

Back 31

a chest cold that occurs frequently, to be considered CB the patien has to have been sick for an accumulation of 3 months out of the year for 2 years running

Front 32

Asthma

Back 32

a immune triggered allergic response that is localized to airways

Front 33

Emphysema

Back 33

tissue destruction distal to the terminal bronchioles, breakdown of the alveolar walls and loss of elastic fivers in the lung tissues

Front 34

Bronchiectasis

Back 34

Bronchial tissue erosion from frequent or really bad infections

Front 35

COPD

Back 35

Combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis and reactive airways. Reflexive imbalance of parasympathetic NS

Front 36

COPD Diagnosed by:

Back 36

1. Dyspnea during exercise
2. Chronic Cough
3. Frequent thick sputum production
4. Age over 40
5. History of smoking
6. Documented with PFT Spirometry

Front 37

Restrictive Lung Disease

Back 37

• Inability to achieve normal lung volumes
  
• Makes lungs stiff (less compliant)

Front 38

Types of Restrictive Diseases

Back 38

• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary Edema
• Atelectasis

Front 39

Pneumonia

Back 39

Infection in lung tissue or lung tissue inflammation

Front 40

Pulmonary Edema

Back 40

Fluid escaping the vasculature and flooding the interstitial tissue of the lung

Front 41

Atelectasis

Back 41

Collapse of alveoli leading to decreased diffusion aread