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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major functions played by erythrocytes?
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1) carry hemoglobin to body tissues
2) carry oxygen to body tissues |
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what does PCV and TP stand for? What are these lab procedures used for?
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PCV=packed cell volume
tells you % of RBCs in circulating blood TP= total protein measures trace proteins in WBCs and platelets |
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What do the following RBC indices stand for? MCV and MCHC
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MCV= mean corpscular volume
MCHC= mean corpscular hemoglobin concentration |
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Why are MCV and MCHC important to evaluate?
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RBC indices are important to evaluate bc it tells you how much and the size of hempglobin levels in the blood which is important to differentiating between anemias
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Two advantages for using veterinary reference laboratories?
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1) wide range of tests not found in house
2) economical for some tests |
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some lab tests are more economic to run in house. Name 4.
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1)CBC
2)urinalysis 3)blood chemistry 4)fecals |
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What is a blind basis?
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No comparison to normal or expectations of changes that would lead to bias in reporting results
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what is poikilocytosis?
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abnormally shaped RBCs
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What is anisocytosis?
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variation in size of RBCs
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two examples of morphological abnormalities seen in WBCs
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vacuoles
foaminess |
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What are the three leukocytes that make make up the group of granulocytes?
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1)basophil
2)eosinophil 3) neutrophil |
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How do you determine the absolute count of neutrophils following a differential WBC count?
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multiplying % of neutrophils by total WBC count
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Lymphocytes of the primary lymphoid organs include?
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bone marrow
thymus |
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Lymphocytes of the secondary lymphoid organs inculde?
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lymph nodes
spleen bronchus-associated lymph tissue |
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Functions of an eosinophil
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control of parasitic infections
modulation of hypersensitivity reactions |
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what are the vet techs responsibilities?
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collect blood samples
prepare lab specimens examine the samples after collection report results |
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What are the most common cells found in the blood
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Erythrocytes
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What leukocyte is the presursor of marcophages
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monocytes
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what is the importance of lab tests
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help tract course of a disease
help establish a diagnosis help identify patients risks before general anesthesia |
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What is predominately circulating granulocyte?
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Neutrophil
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Heterophils are reptiles, avians and some small mammal species version of what kind of WBC
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Neutrophils
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What are the classes of immunoglobulins?
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IgG
IgA IgM IgE |
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What are some examples of immunologic lab tests?
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ELISA
latex agglutination Coomb's Antibody titer |
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Morphology alterations of toxic neutrophiils include
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foaminess
vacuoles cytoplasmic basophilla |
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Which leukocyte is the main producer of immunoglobulins?
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B lymphocytes
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what is the life span of a RBC
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2-5 months
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what is rouleau formation?
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arrangement of RBC in a stack or column
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what is agglutination?
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clumping of cells
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What is polychromasia?
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RBCs with many colors
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What is an acanthocyte?
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RBC with spiny projections of varying lengths distributed irregularly over its surface
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what is an echinocyte?
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RBC with multiple small projections evenly spaced out over its surface
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What makes up the buffy coat?
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WBC and platelets
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what are 3 common measurements of RBCs
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PCV
hemoglobin concetration RBC count |
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what are the 6 different kinds of WBCs?
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1) neutrophil
2)eosinophil 3)monocyte 4)lymphocyte 5)basophils 6)band cell |
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what is a leukogram
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process of making a blood smear and counting the WBCs
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Penia
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decrease # of cells
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Cytosis or Philia
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increase # of cells
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Left shift
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incerease # of immature neutrophils in the blood
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Leukemia
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neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow
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Leukemoid response
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marked leukocytosis and is usually the result of inflammation or disease
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functions of neutrophils
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seek out
ingest kill and digest invading microorganisms |
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Functions of eosinophils
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modulation of hypersensitivity reactions and control parasitic infections
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Functions of macrophages
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phagocytosis
antigen processing release inflammatory mediator cells that recruit Neutros, monos, and lymphos |
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Where are monocytes found?
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the peripheral blood
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What is nuclear hyposegmentation?
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congenital defect where all granulated nuclei are hyposegmented
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what causes toxic neutrophils?
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inflammation
infection drug toxicity |
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What are smudge cells?
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dying WBCs
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What is another name for the immunocytic immune system?
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specific immune system
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what makes up the specific immune system?
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lymphocytes
effector cells memory cells |
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what are effector cells?
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cells that present antigens to marcrphages to kill infections
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what are memory cells?
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cells that respond to antigens that the body has already been exposed to
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what are the two classes of effector cells?
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T-cell lymphocytes
B-cell lymphocytes |
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what are T- cell lymphocytes?
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cells that release lymphkines and play a major roll in cell-mediated immunity
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what are B-cell lymphocytes?
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produce immunoglobulins
constitute humoral immune system |
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what is the humoral immune system responsible for?
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producing lymphocytes in the bone marrow
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what is the first antibody to appear?
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IgM
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what does IgE do?
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mediates hypersensitivity reactions found in allergic and parasitized patients
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How do animals receive passive immunity?
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maternal antibodies
by receiving preformed antibodies by injection |
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how do animals become resistant to diseases?
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developing antibodies after having the disesase
being vaccinated |
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what is blast transformation?
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when lymphocytes are are stimulated by antigens
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What are characteristics of reactive lymphocytes?
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increased basophilia and abundant cytoplasm
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what is a leukon?
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all leukocytes in the animal
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what is leukopoises?
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making of WBCs
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what are stem cells
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cells that can differeniate into any type of cell and that are capable of self renewal
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what are platelets most important role?
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hemostasis
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what % of bleeding disorders in dogs and cats result from platelet function abnormalities?
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90%
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what are platelets
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thrombocytes are pieces of cytoplasm of megakarocytes
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what removes dead platelets?
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monocyte/macrophage continuum
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What is the primary function in hemostasis?
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froming primary platelet plug
serving as a scaffold for fibrin disposition influencing a clot retraction |
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what is platelet activation?
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platelet adherence to damaged vessels walls
change shape to increase surface area platelet to platelet interation to form plug |
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what is Disseminated Intravascular caoagulation (DIC)
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wxcessive stimulation of the coagulation cascade that leads to peripheral consumption of platelets
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what animal has the lowest platelet concentration?
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horses
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what is a reticulocyte?
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immature RBC that contains organelles (ribosomes)
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what is the aggregate form of reticulocytes?
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large clumps of reticulum
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what is the punctate form of reticulocytes (unique to cats)
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isolated clusters
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