Vca 312 Gi Midterm-Felv/fiv/fip

Front 1

Give 5 examples of clinical manifestations of FeLV in cats.

Back 1

lymphosarcoma
leukemia
immunosuppression
anemia
enteropathy
leukopenia
thrombocytopenia
fetal resorption/infertility
neurologic syndromes
ocular dz
secondary infections
myeloproliferative disorders

Front 2

T/F The virus responsible for FeLV is a picornavirus in the subfamily Oncornaviridae

Back 2

F: retrovirus

Front 3

What is the core antigen for FeLV?

Back 3

p27

Front 4

Match:
p27, gp70, p15, FOCMA

a. intramembrane protien responsible for immunosuppression
b. antigen detected by most common clinical FeLV tests
c. feline oncovirus cell membrane antigen
d. envelope glycoprotein w/ subgroups A, B & C

Back 4

p27:b
gp70:d
p15:a
FOCMA: c

Front 5

How is FeLV transmitted?

Back 5

Social contact and resulting exposure to saliva, resp. secretions and other body fluids (tears & saliva highest conc.)

Front 6

T/F: Transmission via fomites is less likely since the FeLV virus is easily inactivated by drying or routine disinfectants

Back 6

True:
Virus remains viable for several days in liquids;ppppppppppppppppppppp (from Rusty)

Front 7

In urban areas, of 70% of outdoor cats exposed, how many will become infected?

Back 7

1-2%

Front 8

What % of cats living in an FeLV enzootic household will have clinical dz?

Back 8

>40%

Front 9

T/F: Older cats are more susceptible to persistent dz with FeLV than young cats

Back 9

False: Younger cats more susceptible to persistent dz

Front 10

How does the ELISA for FeLV work?

Back 10

Detects p27 antigen either as as part of the complete virus or as free antigen.

Front 11

What samples are best to used to test for FeLV by ELISA?

Back 11

Serum, tears, saliva (sensitivity less for tears & saliva)

Front 12

What is the procedure for a healthy cat that tests + for FeLV by ELISA?

Back 12

Repeat test in 1-2 months

Front 13

T/F: Because test results for tears & saliva are less sensitive, a +ve FeLV result does not necessarily indicate persistant infection?

Back 13

F: + saliva or tear test indicates presence of antigen within secretions and usually indicates persistent infection

Front 14

What immunological factors can interfere w/ FeLV ELISA test?

Back 14

None! Neither vaccination nor maternal antibodies interfere with the test (Tricky trickster!)

Front 15

How does IFA for FeLV work?

Back 15

Detects p27 antigen but as part of intracellular viral material

Front 16

T/F: + IFA test result usually indicates that a cat is persistently infected.

Back 16

True

Front 17

Why do IFA false negatives occur later in the dz?

Back 17

Insufficient cells present for evaluation on the slide.

Front 18

Describe Stage 1 of FeLV infection.

Back 18

-first 2-4d following viral exposure
-virus replicates in lymphoid tissue of oropharynx
-may exhibit no signs or signs of mild URI
-ELISA & IFA: both neg.

Front 19

Describe Stage 2 of FeLV infection.

Back 19

-2wks following viral exposure
-virus replicates in small # of macrophages, monocytes & other circulating cells
-viremia present
-cat is now contagious
-clinical signs: URI, fever or none
-ELISA: +; IFA: -

Front 20

Describe Stage 3 of FeLV infection

Back 20

-first 3-14 days following viral exposure
-systemic lymphoid tissue infected
-mild to moderate signs of viral dz (fever, inappetance,etc.) or no clinical signs
-ELISA:+; IFA: -

Front 21

Describe Stage 4 of FeLV infection

Back 21

-days 7-21 after viral exposure
-virus infects bone marrow
-clinical signs of viral dz or no clinical signs
-mild leukopenia may be seen
-ELISA & IFA: +

Front 22

Describe Stage 5 of FeLV infection.

Back 22

-14-28d post exposure
-marrow origin viremia
-persistent viremia likely
-clincal signs assoc. w/ FeLV may be seen (lymphopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, immunosuppression)
-ELISA & IFA: +
*some combine Stages 4&5

Front 23

Describe Stage 6 of FeLV infection.

Back 23

-day 28-56 on
-protracted marrow origin viremia & widespread epithelial cell infection= virus excretion in saliva, urine & tears
-clinical signs inc. any assoc. w/ FeLV
-ELISA & IFA: +

Front 24

What three sequences of events might occur following exposure to FeLV virus?

Back 24

1. eliminate the virus
2. prevent acute viremia but allow viral insertion in host genome (latent infection)
3. cat is unable to prevent infeciton & infection proceeds in stages

Front 25

What factors are necessary for a cat to recover from FeLV infection?

Back 25

Aborted infection or transial viremia (ELISA +) along w/ strong Ab response=recovery`

Front 26

Briefly describe the post-FeLV exposure/infection categories.

Back 26

Cat. 1: persistent viremia
ELISA & IFA +
Cat. 2: self-limiting infection
ELISA & IFA -
Cat. 3: transient viremia
ELISA + initially but regresses to Cat. 2
Cat. 4: atypical or sequestered
ELISA + & IFA - for longer period of time; may progress to cat. 1 or regress to cat. 2

Front 27

In what situations might discordant test results (ELISA +/IFA -) occur?

Back 27

1. early infxn (not yet in marrow)
2. false +ve ELISA due to improper washing or anti-mouse Ig activity
3. false -ve IFA due to leukopeina or sequestration of virus outside marrow

Front 28

How is FeLV treated?

Back 28

There is no definitive Tx for FeLV. Tx=palliative & aimed at clinical manifestations of individual cats (chemo, transfusions, GCs, Abx, etc)

Front 29

What recommendations would you make to a client with an FeLV-infected cat?

Back 29

1. keep cat indoors
2. if multi-cat household, all cats should be tested
-adult cats that have lived with a +ve cat for a period of time & are -ve have a low risk of infxn (10-15%) but still @ risk
--no new cats introduced to household until -ve tests for all cats on at least 2 tests 3 mos apart
--continue routine vacc & any noticed illness should be Tx'd promptly

Front 30

How can FeLV be prevented?

Back 30

-isolation from cats w/ unknown FeLV status
-avoidance of high risk situations
-periodic testing and removal of +ve animals in catteries; quarantine all new arrivals
-vacc of at-risk cats; vacc is not 100% effective

Front 31

What is the benefit of FeLV vaccination?

Back 31

No current FeLV vaccines completely prevent infxn but protect most cats form persistent viremia.

Front 32

What is the classification of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus?

Back 32

Retrovirus of subfamily of Lentiviridae

Front 33

Give 5 clinical manifestations of FIV.

Back 33

-diarrhea
-chronic rhinitis
-gingivitis
-emaciation
-anemia
-recurrent bacterial cystitis
-dermatitis
-otitis externa
-neurologic signs

Front 34

How is FIV transmitted?

Back 34

Through biting; infxn in males is 3x greater due to fighting behaviour and is greater in outdoor cats

Front 35

T/F: FIV can be found in semen

Back 35

T: early in the course of infxn

Front 36

T/F: Fomites are a major mode of transmission for FIV

Back 36

F: virus is unstable in environment so transmission by fomites is unlikely

Front 37

Your 3 month old kitten tests positive for FIV. Is this a death sentence?

Back 37

Possibly not. Vertical transmission is possible but passive transfer of Ab may give +ve ELISA test in kittens up to 5 mos old.

Front 38

T/F: Unlike FeLV, cats infected w/ FIV cannot clear the infxn.

Back 38

T

Front 39

Where in the body is FIV usually found?

Back 39

Virus has a predilection for macrophages, mononuclear cells, spleen and brain.

Front 40

Describe Stage 1 of FIV infection.

Back 40

-initial/acute
-first days-weeks following exposure
-may see fever, neutropenia, generalized lymphadenopathy & possible diarrhea
-antiviral Ab's usually present by 4wks post infection but may take up to 1yr in some cats

Front 41

Describe Stage 2 of FIV infection.

Back 41

-latent/asymptomatic
-next several mos to yrs
-cat is asymptomatic carrier
-ELISA +
-changes in lymphocyte subset can be detected (ex. decrease in CD4+ T cells)

Front 42

Describe Stage 3 of FIV infection.

Back 42

-non-specific
-occurs in approx. 50% of infected cats
-may see vague signs: fever, lethargy, leukopenia, anemia, anorexia, wt. loss, chronic stomatitis, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Front 43

Describe Stage 4 of FIV infection.

Back 43

-AIDS-like phase
-occurs in approx. 50% of infected cats several yrs post exposure
-clinical signs similar to human AIDS patients: wt. loss, oral dz., URI, enteritis, UTI, skin dz, other secondary infxns
-opportunistic infxns: calicivirus, FeLV, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, candidiasis, demodecosis, mycobacterial infection, hemobartonellosis, neuro dz, ocular dz, immune-mediated disorders, neoplasia

Front 44

How is FIV usually diagnosed?

Back 44

ELISA test detects Ab's
-some false +ves can occur
*PCR testing has just become available for testing cats w/ unknown vacc. Hx or vacc'd cat where infxn still suspected

Front 45

What should be done in the event of a +ve FIV ELISA in an apparently healthy cat?

Back 45

-confirmation by Western blot test (only in unvaccinated cats)

Front 46

T/F: +ve ELISA tests in kittens are always indicative of FIV infection.

Back 46

F: maternal Ab's can result in a +ve ELISA

Front 47

How is FIV treated?

Back 47

-no definitive Tx. Asidothymidine can be considered
-palliative care aimed at clinical signs/syndrome

Front 48

What advice should you give a client with an FIV +ve cat?

Back 48

-cat should be kept inside
-other cats in household at minimal risk b/c they rarely fight
-prompt Tx of secondary infxns can successfully manage these cats for mos. or yrs beyond appearance of clinical signs

Front 49

How can FIV infection be prevented?

Back 49

-keep cats indoors to minimize exposure
-FIV vaccine has recenly come to market, but protection is questionable

Front 50

How many cats that test +ve for feline enteric corona virus (FECV) develop FIP?

Back 50

-small percentage

Front 51

What clinical signs can occur with feline coronavirus infection?

Back 51

Clinical signs vary from none to mild enteritis to vasculitis, peritonitis and death.

Front 52

How is FIPV transmitted?

Back 52

Ingestion or inhalation of viral particles that are secreted in oral & resp. secretions, feces & urine

Front 53

T/F: Feline coronavirus is extremely resistant in the environment.

Back 53

F: unstable in environment (inactivated @ room temp in 1-2d) or when exposed to common disinfectants

Front 54

What is the typical signalment for FIP cats?

Back 54

Young cats (<5yrs) or very old cats

Front 55

T/F: In utero spread of FIPV is uncommon and horizontal spread is common.

Back 55

F: in utero infxn possible, horizontal transmission is uncommon

Front 56

Describe the typical pathophysiology of FIP infection.

Back 56

-initially cat may exhibit signs of URI or may be asymptomatic
-virus replicates in macrophages & mononuclear cells of regional LN's
-most cats clear the infxn at this time & return to clinical normality; some may become healthy, chronically-infected carriers
-infected cats will develp viremia within one wk; virus spreads to liver, spleen, LN's, walls of small blood vessels
-cell-mediated immunity may contain dz @ this point or clinical dz ensues
-secondary cell-assoc. viremia occurs, further spreading virus
-type III immune rxn causes severe vasculitis; propagated by increased Ab conc.
-if no CMI present, fluid leaks into body cavities due to inc. vascular permeability (effusive form)
-if CMI contains rxn, pyogranulomas develop around small blood vessels; little fluid accum. (non-effusive form)

Front 57

What are the clinical signs of FIP?

Back 57

-may have sudden onset or insidious onset
-initial signs vague (fever, depression, inappetance, wt. loss)

Front 58

T/F: The effusive form of FIP is more common in cats with the disease.

Back 58

T: 80% of cats w/ FIP
Clinical signs: wt. loss, fever, peritoneal effusion, abd. distension, dyspnea due to pleural effusion

Front 59

Describe the laboratory changes typically seen w/ FIP.

Back 59

-hypergammaglobulinemia
-mild anemia
-leukocytosis w/ lymphopenia

Front 60

What does the abd. &/or thoracic fluid in an FIP infected cat look like?

Back 60

-thick, sticky, yellow
-high in protein, mod-high cellularity, rich in fibrin +/- clots when exposed to air

Front 61

How can effusion fluid due to FIP be differentiated from that due to other causes?

Back 61

globulins>32%=FIP
albumin:globulin ratio >0.81 likely not FIP

Front 62

Where do lesions occur in the non-effusive form of FIP?

Back 62

Granulomatous lesions in:
-lvier
-spleen
-mesenteric LN's
-kidney
-spinal cord or brain
-eyes
-any other organ/tissue

Front 63

How is FIP diagnosed?

Back 63

-Presumptive Dx based on Hx, clinical signs, lab tests, esp, in effusive form
-Definitive Dx made by immunohistochemical exam of cells in fluid (effusive form) or biopsy of PM specimen (either form)

Front 64

T/F: New tests (ex. Speckleman-Fluff test) in serology can be used to make a diagnosis of FIP.

Back 64

F: Serology should NEVER be used to Dx. FIP due to cross reactivity with antigens of FECV, TGE and CCV. A -ve FIP titre does make FIP less likely.

Front 65

How is FIP treated?

Back 65

No Tx. Immunosuppressive Tx may slow progression of dz if begun while cat still feels OK. This Tx is unlikely to help once clinical signs appear.

Front 66

T/F: FIP has 75% mortality.

Back 66

F: mortality nears 100%

Front 67

Is the FIP vaccine a good way to prevent infection?

Back 67

No. Efficacy is questionable and vacc is not recommended in low-risk cats. Some cats seroconvert w/ vacc.