Vawg Exam 1

Front 1

3 Fundamentals of Healthy Sex

Back 1

1. Consent
2. Mutuality
3. Respect

Front 2

What is the Latin meaning for the word "rape"? Is it related to laws on rape? If so, how?

Back 2

Rapere mean "to seize property"
Women are seen as "property" of men (father or husband)

Front 3

What are the historical eras in rape laws?

Back 3

1. Lex Tallionis (eye for an eye) and Hammurabi's Code
2. Hebrew Law
3. 11th-13th centuries (not a crime to rape less wealthy)
4. Late 18th century (used to keep women in house, control women/girls, woman's responsibility to not get raped, only TWO cases where there would be a conviction --> attempted rape still a virgin, therefore still credible; and when a FATHER ays his "property" was damaged)
5. 20th Century and beyond

Front 4

What is the ordering of various abuses as social problems? What decades did their definitions as "social problems" occur?

Back 4

1. 70s: non-sexual child abuse, rape of women by strangers (less victim blaming), non-sexual women battering/ IPA
2. 70s: Chiswick, England--500 women, children and a cow paraded down the street when schools didn't get free milk.
3. 70s: Sexual harrassment and Sexual Abuse of Children
4. 80s: Date and Marital rape
5. 90s: Stalking thought of only happening to famous people but most are IPA & corporate law

Front 5

What were some of the limitations of both legal and research definitions of rape even in the 1970s? What sexual abuses were left out?

Back 5

"Forced penile-vaginal penetration (intercourse), or intercourse obtained by threat of force, or intercourse completed when the woman was drugged, unconscious, or otherwise totally helpless and hence unable to consent." Leaves out: oral, anal, rapes with foreign objects, and female abusers and male victims.

Front 6

Bart and O'Brien sex/rape continuum

Back 6

1. Consentual sex
2. Altristic sex (mercy fucking, feeling like you "should")
3. Compliant sex (Coercive)
4. Rape

Front 7

Belknap continuum used to describe types of sexual violations

Back 7

1. Coercion
2. Rape

Front 8

What did Angela Davis find regarding the history of lynching and rape?

Back 8

a. 1865-1895: over 10,000 lynching's and only 3 white men were ever tried convicted and executed.
b. Mystical Justifications/explanations to gain public support: (to deter black masses from rising in revolt, to prevent black supremacy over whites, to punish black men for raping white women)

Front 9

What did Mary Odem find in terms of the history of "age of consent" (statutory rape) laws?

Back 9

1. US 1885-1920 white middle class women reformers trying to change statutory rape age from 10-12 (most places) to 18

Front 10

What were the results of the Statutory Rape reform by Mary Odem?

Back 10

1. Policy changed to the age of 16 in most states
2. Black men were targeted including consensual sex
3. Girls having consensual sex were treated as delinquents
4. Raped girls were treated as delinquents

Front 11

What is McKinnon's definition of Sexual Harassment?

Back 11

The unwanted imposition of sexual requirement in the context of a relationship of equal power

Front 12

What is Belknap's definition of rape?

Back 12

Any forced or coerced sexual intimacy

Front 13

What is McKinnon's definition of Sexual Harassment?

Back 13

The unwanted imposition of sexual requirement in the context of a relationship of equal power.

Front 14

What are Till's Levels of Sexual Harassment?

Back 14

1. Gender Harassment (You can't do math, you're a girl)
2. Seductive Behavior (Sexual advances, talking about sex life)
3. Sexual Bribery: sex is solicitant with the promise of reward (sex for grades)
4. Sexual Coercion: threaten with punishment (sex or I'll fail you)
5. Sexual Assault, Gross Sexual Imposition and Indecent Exposure

Front 15

What are Brown et al.'s 3 types of Sexual Victimization?

Back 15

1. Forcible Rape: when a perpetrator uses or threatens to use physical force
2. Verbal Coercion: had sex due to another person's overwhelming pressure or arguments.
3. Incapacitated: having sex with someone who is unable to consent or resist sexual intercourse owing to alcohol or drug intoxication.

Front 16

Quid pro Quo

Back 16

Where career, job or educational advancements is guaranteed in return for sexual favors; trading sex for professional or educational survival.

Front 17

Hostile Environment

Back 17

Where unwelcome sexual conduct unreasonable interferes with an individual's working or educational environment or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

Front 18

What do Titles VIII and IX have to do with sexual harassment?

Back 18

Title VIII: (IX is same for schools) Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute harassment when:
1. Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment
2. Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

Front 19

How did McKinney distinguish sexual harassment victims and perpetrators in terms of power? What are they?

Back 19

1. Traditional Power Harassment: from a person of power
2. Peer Harassment: Between people of equal power
3. Contrapower Harassment: from people of less power

Front 20

What are the 6 main categories of IPA?

Back 20

1. Physical, non-sexual
2. Sexual
3. Psychological/emotional (demeaning, threatening)
4. Destruction of pets and property: often pet abuse goes hand in hand with child abuse, phones are huge
5. Economic Abuse – Controls money – hard to keep a job
6. Religious – using their religion against them

Front 21

What is Evan Stark’s (2007) coercive control and what form of VAWG does it pertain to (e.g., sexual abuse, intimate partner abuse, stalking, sexual harassment)?

Back 21

a. Coercive control
i. Is more complex than physical control and abuse
ii. Is intended to destroy the woman’s autonomy her ability to make decisions and to act on her own belief.
b. Assumes
i. women are vulnerable to coercive control in the larger social structure
ii. When Women use violence against men it is to level the playing field.

Front 22

What are the ways that animal abuse can occur in the context of IPA?

Back 22

a. Physical – hit kick throw across room…
b. Sexual
c. Psychological – witnessing woman abused, stomp at them, yell

Front 23

What are the unique potentials for IPA for women who are (1) immigrants, (2) lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered, and/or (3) disabled? [hint: know the additional risks for each]

Back 23

a. Immigrants (partners of immigrant or non-immigrant) – Immigrant status, may be particularly difficult to address and resist when abuser is in military.
b. GLBTQ – “outing”, making child custody hard
c. Disabled

Front 24

What 3 themes of IPA directed at disabled women did Gilson and her colleagues (2001) identify?

Back 24

1. Physical & Emotional Assault
2. Neglect
3. Control/Restraint

Front 25

(Gilson et. al.) Physical & Emotional Assault

Back 25

i. Conveying judgmental attitudes based in her disability
ii. Threatening her with the loss of her children because of her diability
iii. Threatening to institutionalize

Front 26

(Gilson et. al) Neglect

Back 26

i. Witholding personal assistance
ii. Erecting or refusing to remove architectural barriers in the home
iii. Lifting a wheelchair out of the way with her in it
iv. Not contacting a physician when needed

Front 27

(Gilson et. al) Control/Restraint

Back 27

i. Withholding medication
ii. Controlling access to needed items or peers
iii. Controlling assistive services
iv. Using disabilities to demean, discredit, or dismiss
v. Refusing to access to social support
vi. Refusing to communicate using assistive deviance

Front 28

What the 4 influences of gender role stereotyping that Hassounaeh and Glass found in lesbian IPA? What do they each mean?

Back 28

a. “Girls don’t hit girls”
b. The myth of the lesbian Utopia- women’s community all about women’s rights…
c. Cat fight – seen as not as serious
d. Abusers Playing the Feminine Victim

Front 29

What are the three dynamics purported to keep women in the cycle?

Back 29

1. Love
2. Hope
3. Fear

Front 30

What are some of the limitations of the cycle of violence conceptualization?

Back 30

a. Aspects of being “repeated”
b. Not all victims experience violence this way
c. Ignores constructs control as abusive
d. Leads to intervention of focusing on abuser’s controlling behavior via “anger management”

Front 31

What was the public construction of battered women, especially the "pure battered woman," in the 1970s? What are the ramifications of this construction today?

Back 31

a. Battered women as “pure Victims”
b. Have experienced extreme physical violence separated by periods of emotional abuse
c. The abuse increases in severity and frequency over time
d. Battered women are terrified by this experience

Front 32

What is the definition of stalking from the 1997 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Report to Congress?

Back 32

A willful, malicious repeated following or harassing of another person

Front 33

What did the 1996 U.S. Congress identify as the types of stalkers? Which one is most prevalent (most likely to be reported whether to researchers or to the police)?

Back 33

a. Stranger
b. Acquaintance
c. Intimate/Former Intimate (more freq)

Front 34

In the Baum et al. 2009 study, what was the most frequent stalking behavior reported?

Back 34

a. 15% of victims reported that their stalker attacked a pet/person other than the victim
i. 6% family member
ii. 4% child
iii. 6% friend or coworker
iv. 4% pet

Front 35

Why is stalking a form of violence against women/girls?

Back 35

a. Men (boys) stalk more than women (girls)
b. Women(girls) are more likely to be victims
c. Stalking frequently co-occurs w/ other forms of VAW/G
d. Stalking causes more fear and more serious consequences for Women/girls

Front 36

Why might victims underreport their rapes (not report them)? (DeKeserdy & Shwartz)

Back 36

Many feel it doesn’t count if it wasn’t violent, forced, and stranger (older views)

Front 37

Broad Definitions of Rape (DeKeserdy & Shwartz)

Back 37

Come from political conservatives: artificially inflate the rates of sexual abuse
1. Multidimensional in nature, argue many women's lives rest on a "continuum of unsafely" or "continuum of violence actions"

Front 38

Narrow Definitions of Rape (DeKeserdy & Shwartz)

Back 38

• Surveys by government agencies
• Specific rape events
• Include past 12 months and not include more numbers (limit definitions)
• Restrain from seeking support and left in a twilight zone with no categorization

Front 39

How is safety an ethical issue in conducting research on VAWG? (Campbell & Dienemann)

Back 39

Ethical responsibility for researchers
• Being knowledgeable about cultural groups involved in research
• Critique of past for better future, analyze data correctly

Front 40

What are the ethical issues in recruiting participants and having them make informed consent when conducting research on VAWG? (Campbell & Dienemann)

Back 40

• Code of ethics
• Violence Research and public policy
• Sensitive nature of inquiry-don’t have to answer all questions
• Trauma from participation
• Freedom to not participate or withdraw
• Incentives and participation

Front 41

What are some of the many ways that girls are victimized? (Kendall-Tackett)

Back 41

• Dating violence, forced prostitution, child prostitution, rape, dowry murders, female circumstances

Front 42

What 2 explanations does the author provide to explain why girls are more likely than boys to be sexually abused? (Kendall-Tackett)

Back 42

• 1. Male dominance over women – Research shows that perpetrators of sexual abuse are overwhelmingly male and victims are overwhelmingly female.
• 2. Access – Girls are more likely to be abused by family members, especially stepfathers, where as boys are more likely to be abused outside the family.

Front 43

Do the effects of child sexual abuse victimization vary depending on the child’s age at the time of the abuse? If so, what are some of the ways? (Kendall-Tackett)

Back 43

Some kids don’t respond at all, no symptoms, while others could suffer from short or long term effects.
• Most characteristic of children who have been sexually abused is sexualized behavior.
• Preschool children are more likely to experience anxiety or sexual acting out
• Adolescence is more likely to manifest substance abuse or illegal behavior

Front 44

What are some of the differences based on regarding how children respond to sexual abuse (e.g., in general more harmful for victim when s/he knows and trusts the abuser). (Kendall-Tackett)

Back 44

It is more harmful for the victim if s/he knows and trusts the abuser.

Front 45

How does the author identify the victimization of girls in China? In India? (Kendall-Tackett)

Back 45

• China - One child law. Sons: prosperity, continuing family
• India – Economic constraint- require dowry to marry

Front 46

What is FGM?

Back 46

Removal of clitoris or other external genitalia

Front 47

What percent of Islamic countries practice FGM?

Back 47

80%

Front 48

Which gender/sex typically conducts the FGM?

Back 48

4-8, young as 2-3

Front 49

What are the physiological impacts of FGM for its survivors in adulthood?

Back 49

• Cut open when married, complete penetration year after
• Dangerous process of child birth-trauma to bladder, brain-damaged babies

Front 50

How is sexual harassment a form of discrimination? (Morgan)

Back 50

Form of women control
• Sustains male dominance and women's subordination
• Practiced in public: school and work places

Front 51

Who is at risk of becoming a victim of sexual harassment? (Morgan)

Back 51

• Female: 44-85%
• Sexualization of work, male domination, women depending on men, women challenging male dominance

Front 52

What 4 ways does the author report that sexual harassment can affect the victims? (Morgan)

Back 52

• Loss: personal dignity, trust in others
• Distressing experience
• Reporting is rarely satisfying and can be traumatic
• Surviving can be empowering

Front 53

Unlike men, who are women most at risk of being assaulted, raped, and murdered by? (Mahoney et al.)

Back 53

Intimate or Romantic partners

Front 54

What is meant by the term battering? (Mahoney et al.)

Back 54

The ongoing abuse and control of a woman by her relationship partner

Front 55

What is meant by the term patriarchal terrorism? (Mahoney et al.)

Back 55

The systematic use of violence as well as economic subordination, threats, isolation, and other control tactics against a relationship partner, as this form of violence is the product of the patriarchal tradition of a man's right to control "his" woman.

Front 56

What 4 characteristics of intimate violence against women do the authors identify? (Mahoney et al.)

Back 56

1. Ongoing, multidimensional and changing nature of violence (by the same perpetrator over time)
2. Ongoing relationship (despite serious abuse, a woman may have feelings of love for the perpetrator and thus may desire to protect him from harm)
3. Shared lives (a woman may be dependent on or interdependent with her partner by means of family, friends, financial reasons and children)
4. Beliefs about victim responsibility for the violence (suggestions that the woman provoked the violence through her behavior and/or that she could avoid the violence if she would only change her behavior. The woman is perceived as being responsible for the problem and the solution)

Front 57

What do the authors report about “ethnic minorities and increased risk for intimate violence”? (mahoney et al.)

Back 57

• Youthfulness, poverty, blue-collar status, and unemployment are demographic factors that are associated with intimate violence. Unfortunately, people of color are overrepresented in these demographic categories, which accounts for their increased experience with intimate violence

Front 58

What do the authors report about immigrant women? (Mahoney et al.)

Back 58

• Perpetrators of immigrant woman may exploit cultural differences to shame and confuse their partners into accepting their victimization and also keep them from learning English, maintaining nearly absolute control over what the woman is able to learn about her rights or sources of assistance. The barriers facing immigrant women who want to leave abusive relationships are 1) personal; 2) institutional; 3) cultural ideological

Front 59

What do the authors report about same-sex intimate violence? (Mahoney et al.)

Back 59

• There are several similarities between battering experiences of homosexuals and heterosexuals. Internalized homophobia is a potential stressor, which may contribute to low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, denial of group membership, and difficulty establishing committed, trusting, intimate relationships. Also it poses a barrier to help-seeking among battered lesbians, who may be reluctant to let their families, coworkers, or community know they’re lesbian. Lesbian batterers also “threaten to bring her out”.

Front 60

How have images of older people/elders changed in more recent years?

Back 60

• Positive perceptions about the worth of old people as a group appear to have shifted to negative ones around the turn of the 19th century. This may be because of demographic changes such as the rise in the median age and innovations in medical practices were seen as forces behind the deconstruction of positive attitudes. Whereas older women were at the forefront of the antislavery and suffrage movements, the Women’s Movement of the 60s and 70s focused primarily on issues concerning girls and young women.

Front 61

When was elder abuse first seen as a social problem in the U.S.?

Back 61

Late 70s, early 80s when congressional testimony and subsequent media attention made it known that it was not a rare phenomenon.

Front 62

What was elder abuse legislation modeled after?

Back 62

• Child abuse legislation

Front 63

In the large study of 18 states by Tatara (1993), who did they find were most likely to abuse older victims (the victim-offender-relationship)?

Back 63

• Family members and adult children

Front 64

Is elder abuse more similar to child or partner abuse in its dynamics?

Back 64

• The dynamics of family violence against elders are more akin to partner abuse. Power and control (and often, male privilege) are used to intimidate, demean, isolate, and blame.

Front 65

What did battered women do before there were shelters or community-based services designed for them?

Back 65

They found themselves in the same shelters as catastrophe victims, alcoholics, and all other homeless individuals, as their only options for shelter were the Salvation Army, church homes, and homeless shelters.

Front 66

When were shelters and other community-based services first designed for battered women?

Back 66

• After the second Feminist Movement in the 1970s

Front 67

How did shelters for women victims of IPA first come about?

Back 67

• Private homes, YMCAs, motels
• Women worked together to share chores
• Shared

Front 68

How has shelter implementation occurred to address culturally specific services for some IPA survivors?

Back 68

• Many shelters have been made by women in specific cultural communities, catering to the women who reside in them

Front 69

What services do most IPA shelter programs provide?

Back 69

Shelter, meals, counseling services, homes for their children, occasionally transitional housing programs, visitation centers where the women do not have to have contact with their abusive partners, etc.

Front 70

What are the non-shelter-based community services that have been implemented in some places for abused women and their children?

Back 70

• Programs located within the criminal justice system, programs developed through family or social service agencies, and programs developed through universities.

Front 71

(McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap) Do the studies reviewed indicate a difference in the likelihood between incarcerated and community (never incarcerated) sexual abuse rates among women/girls?

Back 71

Suggest higher rates of Sexual Abuse reported among women in prison

Front 72

(McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap) What percent of the incarcerated women reported a sexual abuse that is consistent with rape definitions in most states in the U.S.?

Back 72

70%

Front 73

(McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap) Did any of the women report that they had been sexually abused by other women?

Back 73

Yes however it is very rare somewhere between 1-20% of the violations. Many times the abuse is legally listed as coercion

Front 74

(McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap) Did the data indicate that women who’d been sexually abused once were likely to be revictimized?

Back 74

Yes: The women that reported sexual violations and abuses typically reported multiple violations and abusers.

Front 75

(McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap) Who was most likely to perpetrate child sexual abuse on these women when they were 6 to 11 years old (e.g., strangers, acquaintances, family members)?

Back 75

Family – 27.6% (aqu- 9.7%, strang-3.8%)

Front 76

(Curry et al.) What percent of the disabled women in the study reported some type of abuse?

Back 76

7.8% reported physical or sexual abuse and an additional 2% reported disability-specific abuse occurring in the past year.

Front 77

(Weinhall, K., & Jonsson) Where was this study conducted?

Back 77

Sweden

Front 78

(Weinhall, K., & Jonsson) Who is this study based on?

Back 78

Women who live under protection from the Swedish government from previously abusive partners.

Front 79

(Weinhall, K., & Jonsson) What three ways are women protected regarding the population registration system?

Back 79

1) Non-disclosure alert (personal data such as address or identity that are normally public information have been flagged as protected population register data)
2) non-disclosure of address change (a person’s former address is not updated after a move and the new address is not recorded in the population register)
3) fictitious personal data (registration of a fictitious name, personal identity number and sometimes registration of the person as being of the opposite sex).

Front 80

(Weinhall, K., & Jonsson) What did the authors find regarding the women’s children?

Back 80

Concern for the safety of her children comes before the safety of her own. If the father is given visitation rights, the woman becomes more fearful.

Front 81

(Weinhall, K., & Jonsson) What role did employment play for the women?

Back 81

Many women have a hard time keeping a job when the threat is grave and the psychological pressure leads to poor sleep. Employers often need personal data about their employees for payroll, insurance and other purposes which they can’t provide under non-disclosure of an address change.

Front 82

What was the key difference between the abuser’s behaviors in terms of their ethnicity?

Back 82

A Swedish/Nordic man is not likely to ask someone else to stalk, threaten, or kill his woman. Perpetrators with a different ethnic background may ask a brother, cousin or relative to fulfill his mission.