Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does onion skinning indicate?
|
up and down hypertension for a long time
|
|
|
What is hyaline arteriosclerosis mean?
|
hypertension for a long time
|
|
|
What is hyperplasmic arteriosclerosis
|
arteries start to explode- malignant
|
|
|
What is the D.O.C. for arteriosclerosis?
|
sodium nitroprusside
|
|
|
What do nitrites dilate first?
|
arteries
|
|
|
Where is the thickest layer of smooth muscle found?
|
in the aorta
|
|
|
Where is most smooth muscle found by surface area?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
Where is the least amount of smooth muscle found by surface area?
|
veins and venules
|
|
|
What does the most to regulate BP?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
What is the BP range for autoregulation?
|
60-160 systolic
|
|
|
In autoregulation, where does BP remain the same?
|
cerebral, coronary and renal
|
|
|
What does BP go below for an ischemia infarct to happen?
|
60
|
|
|
What does BP have to go above for a hemorrhagic infarct to happen?
|
160
|
|
|
Why do you not give viagra to pts. on nitrates?
|
BP drops too low
|
|
|
How long should men wait to take viagra after stopping nitrates?
|
minimum 12 h, optimal 24 h
|
|
|
What has the most capacitance?
|
veins and venules
|
|
|
What percentage of blood volume pools in the veins and venules?
|
60%
|
|
|
How do veins and venules pump blood up?
|
depend on skeletal muscle contraction
|
|
|
Veins are under what control?
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
What is the body's first response to hypovolemia?
|
venoconstriction
|
|
|
Where is venoconstriction the most significant?
|
skin and GI
|
|
|
What is the first sign of hypervolemia?
|
poor skin turgor
|
|
|
Arteries are under what control?
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
What receptors are found on arteries?
|
alpha 1
|
|
|
What is the second messenger on arteries?
|
IP3/DAG
|
|
|
Arterioles have what receptor?
|
beta 2
|
|
|
What is the second messenger on arterioles?
|
cAMP
|
|
|
Vein have what receptor?
|
alpha 1
|
|
|
What is the second messenger on veins?
|
IP3/DAG
|
|
|
What has the thinnest membranes in the vascular system?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
In the vascular system, what has the greatest surface area?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
As a vessel narrows, what happens to velocity?
|
increases
|
|
|
As a vessel narrows, what happens to flow?
|
decreases
|
|
|
As a vessel narrows, what happens to resistance?
|
increases
|
|
|
As a vessel narrows, what happens to blood pressure?
|
increases
|
|
|
Resistance in series is what?
|
additive
|
|
|
Resistance in parallel is what?
|
1/R
|
|
|
How are organs arranged in the body?
|
in parallel
|
|
|
If you remove an organ, what happens to TPR?
|
increases
|
|
|
When does the heart get it's blood flow?
|
during diastole
|
|
|
What percent of oxygen does the heart extract?
|
97%
|
|
|
When is most of the work done in the heart?
|
systole
|
|
|
When does most O2 extraction occur?
|
during systole
|
|
|
Where is the lowest A-V O2 difference in the body?
|
the kidneys
|
|
|
What is the resistance equation?
|
R = 1/r to the forth power
|
|
|
What does the carotid sinus respond to?
|
flow or stroke volume- increased stretch means increased flow
|
|
|
What is the sensory nerve that supplies the carotid sinus?
|
CN 9
|
|
|
What is the efferent nerve that supplies the carotid sinus?
|
CN 10
|
|
|
In what direction does the signal from CN 9 and 10 go from the carotid sinus?
|
both in the same direction all the time
|
|
|
What does a decreased firing by CN 10 do to HR?
|
increase
|
|
|
How long does the carotid reflex last? Then what takes over?
|
carotid reflex is 2 seconds then NE has to take over
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of autonomic dysfunction in adults?
|
diabetes
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of autonomic dysfunction in newborns?
|
Riley-Day syndrome
|
|
|
What is Riley-day syndrome?
|
no autonomics
|
|
|
In Parkinson's patients, what is autonomic dysfunction called? What happens?
|
Shy-Dragger Syndrome- stand up, pass out
|
|
|
In the elderly, what is the most common cause of autonomic dysfunction?
|
Sick-Sinus syndrome
|
|
|
What causes sick sinus syndrome?
|
so atherosclerotic the carotid sinus can't stretch
|
|
|
What are the 3 low volume states with acidosis?
|
diarrhea, DKA, RTA (renal tubular acidosis)
|
|
|
What are the 2 low volume states with hypernatremia?
|
diabetes insipidus and elderly abuse (deprived of H2O)
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of hypochloremia?
|
low volume
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of high TPR?
|
low volume
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis?
|
low volume
|
|
|
Why is there increased kidney stones in alkalosis?
|
alkalosis favors calcium precipitation with phosphate
|
|
|
What do ACE inhibitors stop?
|
AT 1 from being converted to AT 2
|
|
|
What do ACE inhibitors increase?
|
bradykinin
|
|
|
What effects do ACE inhibitors have on the body?
|
vaso and venodilation
|
|
|
What disease does ACE inhibitors decrease mortality?
|
CHF
|
|
|
What does ACE inhibitors decrease in diabetic pts?
|
protienuria in diabetic neuropathy
|
|
|
What is common regarding the name of ACE inhibitors?
|
"PRIL"- captopril, lisenopril, enalopril, rinilopril
|
|
|
What do ACE inhibitors contain that angiotensin receptor blockers do not?
|
sulphur
|
|
|
What are the 2 angiotensin receptors blockers?
|
losartan and vosartan
|
|
|
Do angiotensin receptor blockers elevate bradykinin like ACE inhibitors?
|
no
|
