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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an aneurism? |
A bulge in a vessel that's twice the size of the original vessel. |
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At what size are aneurism patients offered a surgical procedure? |
At large - over 4.5cm |
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What's the difference between a pararenal and a juxtarenal aneurism? |
They both involve the origins of the renal arteries, but juxtarenal aneurisms don't involve the mesenteric arteries |
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What symptoms do aneurism patients have? |
Pre-burst, they're normally asymptomatic, but following a rupture they'll be faint, tachycardic, short of breath and have clammy skin. |
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What activates in the aortic cell wall that breaks down elastin and collagen? |
MMPs and proteolytic enzymes |
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What clinical test is not suitable for renal failure and immunocomprimised patients? |
Arteriogram - they can't break down the dye used. |
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What kind of aortic aneurism is suitable for an EVAR stent? |
Infrarenal |
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What is the difference between the positioning of the stent in EVAR and open graft procedures? |
EVARs are slid up the iliac artery and blown up, whereas open grafts are stitched in place. |
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What other treatment is there for aortic aneurisms? |
Burst preventing treatments - statins to lower blood pressure, and lifestyle changes. |
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What's the difference between an embolism and a thrombus? |
An embolus is a thrombus that's moved. |
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What are the visual differences between venous and arterial thrombi? |
Arterial thrombi grow retrograde and have lines of Zahn, whereas venous thrombi grow with the flow of blood and are solid red. |
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What are the three parameters of Virchow's triad? |
Endothelial Injury, Hypercoagulation and Stasis |
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What are the symptoms of a DVT? |
Pain, inflammed leg with pitting oedema. |
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What is the gold standard for treatment of a DVT? |
Heparin injections |
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What is post-thrombolytic syndrome? |
Where blood pools in the leg due to weakened venous walls, causing massive oedema. Prevented by compression stockings. |
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How does an IVC claw work? |
It sits in the vein, ready to catch a clot if it breaks off and tries to become an embolus. |
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What are the four ways that the body deals naturally with a thrombus? |
Recanalization, propagation, dissolution and embolism. |
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What different embolisms are there, other than blood or trauma related? |
Amniotic, fat, marrow or air bubbles. |
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What blood factor indicates loose clots in the system? |
D-dimer |
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Where do most DVTs end up embolysing? |
In the lungs |
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What interventions are available for those with an embolism? |
Heparin, Warfarin, Injection of thrombolytic drugs orvan embolectomy |
