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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Echocardiography
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Safe, non-invasive application of ultrasound to evaluate the structure and function of the heart
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What are two types of echocardiography?
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1. Transthoraic Echocardiography (TTE)
2. Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) |
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What is transthoraic echocardiography?
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Complete evaluation of cardiac chambers and valves, requires integration from multiple tomographic planes and use of multiple acoustic windows. Uses acoustic windows to view the heart and great vessels
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What is transesophageal echocardiography?
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An ultrasound probe is passed down the esophagus to image the heart and great vessels
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What are 6 echo possibilities?
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1. Evaluate valve function and chamber size
2. Detect structural abnormalities 3. Measure cardiac function 4. Rule out source of thrombus 5. Identify pathology 6. Hemodynamic information |
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What are 6 applications of echocardiography?
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1. Adult
2. Pediatric 3. Fetal 4. Intraoperative 5. Contrast 6. Stress |
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What are 4 clinical indications of echocardiography?
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1. Murmur
2. Heart Failure 3. Cardiomegaly 4. Embolic Event |
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What are 5 clinical symptoms of echocardiography?
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1. Chest pain
2. Palpations 3. Shortness of breath 4. Edema 5. Syncope (Fainting) |
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What are 4 imaging pitfalls of echocardiography?
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1. Body habitus
2. Operator dependent 3. Respiratory variations 4. Cardiac motion (translation, rotation & torsion |
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Where can the heart be found within the thoracic cavity?
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Mediastinum
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The size of a patients heart is dependent upon what 4 types of characteristics?
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1. Body size
2. Age 3. Sex 4. Athletic conditioning |
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True or False
Your heart is roughly the size of your fist |
True
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To which side of the body is the heart displaced
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Left side
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What are the 3 layers of the heart?
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1. Endocardium
2. Myocardium 3. Epicardium |
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What layer of the heart is the endocardium?
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Inner most layer
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What is the role of the endocardium?
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lines the chambers and valves of the heart
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What type of tissue is endocardium made of?
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Endothelial tissue
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What layer of the heart is the myocardium?
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Middle layer
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What layer of the heart is the epicardium?
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Outer layer
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What is the epicardium made of?
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Squamous cells with over lining connective tissue
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Which layer of the serous pericardium does the epicardium represent?
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Visceral layer
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What are the 2 layers of pericardium?
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1. Serous pericardium
2. Fibrous pericardium |
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What is serous pericardium?
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Smooth, thin, inner portion consisting of two layers
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What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?
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1. Visceral
2. Parietal |
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What is the visceral layer of serous pericardium?
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Adheres to the surface of the heart
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What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
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Lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
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What is the fibrous pericardium?
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Tough, fibrous sac that fits loosely around the heart to protect it.
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Where does the fibrous pericardium attach?
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Great vessels, diaphragm, & sternum
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What is the pericardial space?
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Separates the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium
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What is contained within the pericardial space?
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10-20ml of clear pericardial fluid that acts as a lubricant of the moving surfaces and cushions the heart
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What is the external form of the heart?
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Resembles a short cone
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How is the base of the heart oriented?
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Posteriorly and lies superiorly
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Where does the apex point too?
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Downward and to the left
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What is the prominent feature on the external form of the heart?
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Atrial appendages
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What are the 4 external surfaces of the heart?
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1. Diaphragmatic
2. Sternalcostal 3. Right 4. Left |
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What is the diaphragmatic surface formed by?
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Left Ventricle
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What is the sternalcostal surface formed by?
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Right ventricle
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What are the 4 cardiac chambers?
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1. Right Atrium
2. Left Atrium 3. Right Ventricle 4. Left Ventricle |
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What are the 3 vessels that drain into the right atrium?
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1. Inferior Vena Cava
2. Superior Vena Cava 3. Coronary Sinus |
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The right atrium empties into which ventricle via what valve?
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Right ventricle and Tricuspid valve
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True or False
The right atrium is known as a receiving chamber? |
True
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What forms the papillary muscles in the right ventricle?
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Trabeculae carneae
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What attaches the tricuspid valve leaflets to the papillary muscles?
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Chordae tendineae
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What are the 3 right ventricle papillary muscles?
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1. Anterior papillary m.
2. Posterior papillary m. 3. Septal papillay m. |
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Which papillary muscle is the largest and most consistent?
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Anterior papillary m.
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Which papillary muscle may have multiples?
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Posterior papillary m.
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Which papillary muscle is usually small and sometimes absent?
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Septal papillary m.
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This is known as the channel from the Right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.
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Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT)
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The RVOT contains the annulus of this valve?
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Pulmonary valve
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What are the 3 cusps of the pulmonary valve?
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1. Anterior
2. Right 3. Left |
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True or False
The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary arteries |
False
The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins |
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What separates the left atrium from the right atrium?
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Interatrial septum
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Where does the left atrium empty into and through what valve?
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Left ventricle; Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
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What is the left ventricle and right ventricle separated by?
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Interventricular septum
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True or False
The right ventricle wall and muscle is thicker than the left ventricular wall and muscle |
False
The left ventricle wall and muscle is thicker |
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What are the 2 papillary muscles of the left ventricle?
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1. Anterior
2. Posterior |
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This channel is from the left ventricle into the aortic root via the aortic valve
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Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT)
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The LVOT contains the annulus for which valve?
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Aortic valve
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Where do the Right and left coronary arteries originate?
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Distal to the right and left coronary cusps
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What are the 3 aortic valve cusps?
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1. Right
2. Left 3. Non-coronary |
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Which valves are open during diastole and closed during systole?
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Mitral (Bicuspid) valve and Tricuspid valve
(Atrioventricular valves) |
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Which valves are closed during diastole and open during systole
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Aortic valve and pulmonary valve
(Semilunar valves) |
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What 3 arteries make up the coronary circulation?
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1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery 3. Cirumflex coronary artery |
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Where does the right coronary artery arise from?
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The right coronary cusp and passes between the Right atrium and right ventricle
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Which way does the right coronary artery course?
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Posteriorly around the inferior margin of the heart
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Where does the right coronary artery give off branches?
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To the right atrium and right ventricle
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Where does the posterior interventricular artery course?
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Toward the apex of the heart
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In what percentage of people does the right coronary artery feed the SA node?
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50%
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From where does the left coronary artery originate?
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The left coronary cusp
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Which 2 arteries does the left coronary artery bifurcate into?
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1. Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
2. Circumflex artery |
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What way does the LAD course on the heart?
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Down the anterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex
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What structures do the left coronary artery branches feed?
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The ventricles and Interventricular septum
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Which way does the circumflex artery course?
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Passes toward the left in the coronary sinus and circles the posterior aspects of the heart
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The diaphragmatic surface of the heart is supplied by which branch of the circumflex artery?
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Posterior left ventricular branch
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From where do the coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood from?
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The capillaries of the myocardium
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The coronary sinus is formed by what?
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Coronary veins
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