Allence Bio 8

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diploid

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(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

For humans, a diploid species, n = 23

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haploid

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(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

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gamete

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Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells. Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm. Gametes are haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome.

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zygote

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A zygote, is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes. The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information necessary to form a new individual.

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meiosis

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Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and fungi. Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.

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chiasmata

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a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands

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oocyte

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a cell in an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum

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ovum

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The egg cell, or ovum, is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in oogamous organisms. The egg cell is typically not capable of active movement, and it is much larger (visible to the naked eye) than the motile sperm cells. When egg and sperm fuse, a diploid cell (the zygote) is formed, which gradually grows into a new organism.

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disjunction

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The pulling apart of either homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids is called disjunction and occurs during anaphase of meiosis I or meiosis II, respectively. Normal disjunction during both rounds of meiosis produces four haploid cells.

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nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction during meiosis produces eggs or sperm cells that don't have the normal number of chromosomes.

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genotype

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The genotype is the part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that cell/organism/individual.

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phenotype

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the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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dominant

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an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different

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recessive

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an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical.

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codominant

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Relating to two alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote that are both fully expressed. When alleles for both white and red are present in a carnation, for example, the result is a pink carnation since both alleles are codominant.

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linkage

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Genetic linkage is the tendency of alleles that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.

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homogametic sex

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denoting the sex which has sex chromosomes that do not differ in morphology, resulting in only one kind of gamete, e.g. (in mammals) the female and (in birds) the male.

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heterogametic sex

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denoting the sex which has sex chromosomes that differ in morphology, resulting in two different kinds of gamete, e.g. (in mammals) the male and (in birds) the female

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Fruit fly in latin

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Drosophila melanogaster

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Name 5 types of DNA mutation

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deletion, addition, substitution, inversion or repeat of a triplet

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translocation

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In genetics, a chromosome translocation is a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes.

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mutagens

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an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation.Origin1940s: from mutation + -gen.

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mitotic mutation

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somatic, can eventually lead to cancer particularly if the mutation is in a tumour supressor gene

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somatic cell

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any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

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truncated protein

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insertion or deletion that prematurely stops protein production because frameshift in RNA code is not correct and has introduced a new stop.

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protooncogenes

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Most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered. Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead.[3] Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors, such as viral infection, to cause cancer.

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coding DNA strand

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When referring to DNA transcription, the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same base sequence as the RNA transcript produced (although with thymine replaced by uracil). It is this strand which contains codons, while the non-coding strand contains anti-codons. During transcription, RNA Pol II binds the non-coding strand, reads the anti-codons, and transcribes their sequence to synthesize an RNA transcript with complementary bases. By convention, the coding strand is the strand used when displaying a DNA sequence. It is presented in the 5' to 3' direction.

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sense strand DNA

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In genetics, a sense strand, or coding strand, is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5' to 3', and which is complementary to the antisense

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antisense strand DNA

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complementary strand is called antisense

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t-RNA

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transfer RNA / tRNA. Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.

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degenerative code of DNA

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The genetic code is degenerate because there are many instances in which different codons specify the same amino acid. A genetic code in which some amino acids may each be encoded by more than one codon.

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homeobox genes

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Homeobox genes are a large family of similar genes that direct the formation of many body structures during early embryonic development. A homeobox is a DNA sequence found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development morphogenesis in animals, fungi, and plants.

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centriole

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each of a pair of minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres in cell division

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bivalent

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a homologoug pair of chromosomes, consisting of 2 sister chromatids, paired up for meiosis