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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 'rules' in the respective pillars of institutional forces (Scott, 2007)? |
- Regulative pillar: formal rules that set the rules of the game, monitor and enforce behavior -Normative pillar: norms and values that create social obligations to behave in certain ways - Cognitive pillar: subjectively constructed rules and meanings that shape individual behavior |
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What possible sources of legitimacy are mentioned in the lecture? |
- Trade org. membership / certification - Complying with industry standards - Make appear similar to existing prod./serv. - Recommendations - Board of directors / recommendation - Alliances with established firms - Advertising - Business plan - Impression management - Investing your own money - Showing your track record |
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What type of entrepreneurs take control of their institutional environment and in what ways do they do that? |
Institutional entrepreneurs, by trying to shape the rules and norms in which they operate. - Influencing gov. rules & regulations - Pursuing industry self-regulation and standards - Changing organizational culture |
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Is it always true that complying with norms and rules generates the best outcomes for the individual / organization? |
No, consider 'Jackass' |
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Describe the fundamental concern, concept and assumption of institutionalism. |
- Concern: explaining how individuals and organizations further their position & legitimacy by conforming to rules & norms of institutional context - Concept: institution = formal rule sets / agreements / informal behavior sequences / norms that individuals & groups are expected to follow - Assumption: individuals / groups tend to behave in 'legitimacy maximizing' ways, i.e. following these norms. |
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Give some examples of salient relationships between entrepreneurs and the institutional environment (examples here taken from the Baron article) |
- Presence of favourable market incentives, access to capital (e.g. what rules have to be adhered to in order to get a loan) - Government setting law / regulation shaping possibilities - Normative environment barring / enabling entrepreneurial opportunities (e.g. significant normative barrier for crack baby basketball venture) |
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Why do companies cluster according to the human capital and creative class theory? |
To make use of the pool of human capital, i.e. the concentration of talented individuals. (creative class specifies what type of talented individuals: creative ones) |
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In what sort of places does the creative class cluster according to the creative class theory? |
Places with the 'three T's' - Technology: regions with a lot of innovation and high tech companies - Tolerance towards people from all ethnicities and walks of life - Talent: high concentration of talented people (in theory defined as people with at least bachelor degree) |
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What indexes / indicators are used as indicators to find creative centers? |
- Bohemian Index (concentration of artists, writers, poets, painters etc...) - Gay Index (concentration of gays and lesbians, as an indicator for tolerance) - Tech Pole Index (concentration of high tech companies) - Innovation index (concentration of new patents in a region) |
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What distinction is made within the creative class? |
- Super creative core (who make 'meaningful new forms' that are widely used and disseminated) - Creative professionals (who engage in creative problem solving, have to think and judge independently in their work) |
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Why are creative centers important according to the creative class theory? |
Because the creative class drives economic growth, therefore creative centers are the regions that drive economic growth. |
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What are 'enclave entrepreneurs' and 'middleman minorities'? |
Enclave entrepreneurs: entrepreneur bounded by co-ethnicity, co-ethnic social structures and locations. I.e., a Korean entrepreneur running a business in Chinatown.
Middleman minorities: person from another country coming somewhere and trying to establish a source of income for himself and family. Often have little ties to the local community. |
