Val's A&p I

Front 1

Innermost covering or the retina

Back 1

Sensory Tunic

Front 2

Has millions of receptor cells

Back 2

Retina

Front 3

outlines and gray tones

Back 3

Rods

Front 4

color vision; 3 types

Back 4

Cones

Front 5

rods and cones respond to light

Back 5

Photoreceptors

Front 6

nerve that leaves through the back of the eye; “blind spot”

Back 6

Optic Nerve

Front 7

tiny spot with only cones; area of greatest visual activity or sharpest point of vision.

Back 7

Fovea Centralis

Front 8

interference with rod function and ability to see at night

Back 8

Night Blindness

Front 9

lack of the three types of cones

Back 9

Total Color Blindness

Front 10

lack of one type of cone

Back 10

Partial Color Blindness

Front 11

Retina, Optic Nerve, Fovea Centralis, Night Blindness,
Total or Partial Color Blindness: All part of the:

Back 11

Sensory Tunic

Front 12

-Flexible biconvex crystal structure
-Focuses the light that enters the eye

Back 12

Lens

Front 13

Lens: it is transparent and hard jelly texture in:

Back 13

young people

Front 14

Lens: it is hard and opaque in;

Back 14

elderly

Front 15

vision is hazy; requires surgical removal

Back 15

Cataracts

Front 16

The lens divides the eye into two chambers (segments)

Back 16

1.Anterior Segment (aqueous)
Posterior Segment (vitreous)

Front 17

Cataracts occur on the:

Back 17

Lens

Front 18

clear watery fluid; helps keep eye shape; provides nutrients

Back 18

Aqueous Humor

Front 19

Aqueous Segment
Located:

Back 19

Anterior to the lens

Front 20

Vitreous Segment
Located:

Back 20

Posterior to the lens

Front 21

gel-like substance that prevents the eye from collapsing

Back 21

Vitreous Humor or Body

Front 22

occurs when aqueous humor is blocked and creates pressure in the eye

Back 22

Glaucoma

Front 23

-compresses the retina and optic nerve
-causes pain and possible blindness

Back 23

Glaucoma

Front 24

-progresses slowly in older people
-should be tested beginning at the age of 40

Back 24

Glaucoma

Front 25

-the bending of light rays
-caused by the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor

Back 25

Light Refraction

Front 26

the ability of the eye to focus on close objects

Back 26

Accommodation

Front 27

GREATER THE LENS BULGE

Back 27

the more the light bends

Front 28

FLATTER THE LENS

Back 28

the less the light bends

Front 29

the image formed on the retina as a result of light bending (upside down, reversed, and smaller)

Back 29

Real Image

Front 30

“harmonious vision”

Back 30

Emmetropia

Front 31

when the eye focuses images correctly on the retina

Back 31

Emmetropia

Front 32

Cataracts occur on the:

Back 32

Lens

Front 33

clear watery fluid; helps keep eye shape; provides nutrients

Back 33

Aqueous Humor

Front 34

Aqueous Segment
Located:

Back 34

Anterior to the lens

Front 35

Vitreous Segment
Located:

Back 35

Posterior to the lens

Front 36

gel-like substance that prevents the eye from collapsing

Back 36

Vitreous Humor or Body

Front 37

occurs when aqueous humor is blocked and creates pressure in the eye

Back 37

Glaucoma

Front 38

-compresses the retina and optic nerve
-causes pain and possible blindness

Back 38

Glaucoma

Front 39

-progresses slowly in older people
-should be tested beginning at the age of 40

Back 39

Glaucoma

Front 40

-the bending of light rays
-caused by the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor

Back 40

Light Refraction

Front 41

the ability of the eye to focus on close objects

Back 41

Accommodation

Front 42

GREATER THE LENS BULGE

Back 42

the more the light bends

Front 43

FLATTER THE LENS

Back 43

the less the light bends

Front 44

the image formed on the retina as a result of light bending (upside down, reversed, and smaller)

Back 44

Real Image

Front 45

“harmonious vision”

Back 45

Emmetropia

Front 46

when the eye focuses images correctly on the retina

Back 46

Emmetropia

Front 47

nearsightedness or short vision

Back 47

Myopia

Front 48

eyeball is slightly flattened

Back 48

Myopia

Front 49

distant objects are blurry

Back 49

Myopia

Front 50

when the parallel light rays from distant objects fail to reach the retina and are then focused in front of the retina

Back 50

Myopia (horizontal oval eye)

Front 51

farsightedness or far vision

Back 51

Hyperopia (verticle oval eye)

Front 52

when the parallel light rays from distant objects are focused behind the retina

Back 52

Hyperopia (verticle oval eye)

Front 53

eyeball is slightly short or “lazy”

Back 53

Hyperopia (verticle oval eye)

Front 54

-Extrinsic Muscles
-Convergence
-Photopupillary Reflex
-Accommodation Pupillary Reflex

Back 54

Eye Reflex

Front 55

pupil constricts but done to view a close object more acutely

Back 55

Accommodation Pupillary Reflex

Front 56

pupils constrict due to bright light

Back 56

Photopupillary Reflex

Front 57

when both eyes aim toward the near object

Back 57

Convergence

Front 58

control eye movement

Back 58

Extrinsic Muscles

Front 59

HEARING and BALANCE=

Back 59

HEARING and BALANCE

Front 60

receptors sensitive to mechanical pressures

Back 60

Mechanoreceptors

Front 61

Anatomy of the Ear
-Tympanic Cavity=

Back 61

Middle Ear

Front 62

-Also called the auricle
-Referred to as the ear; shell-shaped

Back 62

Pinna

Front 63

Collects and directs sound waves into the canal for animals

Back 63

Pinna

Front 64

-In temporal bone
-Short boney chamber

Back 64

External Auditory Canal

Front 65

-Tympanic Membrane
-Ceruminous Glands
Are located in the:

Back 65

External Auditory Canal

Front 66

secrete waxy yellow earwax or cerumen in skin walls

Back 66

Ceruminous Glands

Front 67

eardrum; where sound waves hit; end of the canal and outer ear

Back 67

Tympanic Membrane

Front 68

small air-filled cavity in temporal bone

Back 68

Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity

Front 69

Three small bones of the middle ear=

Back 69

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

Front 70

hammer

Back 70

Malleus

Front 71

anvil

Back 71

Incus

Front 72

stirrup

Back 72

Stapes

Front 73

where the stapes pushes to send vibrations

Back 73

Oval Window

Front 74

small opening that leads to the inner ear

Back 74

Round Window

Front 75

links middle ear and throat

Back 75

Auditory Tube

Front 76

inflamed middle ear due to a sore throat

Back 76

Ottis Media

Front 77

tube is placed in the ear to rupture the eardrum and rid it of fluid

Back 77

Myringotomy

Front 78

-Auditory Tube
-Round Window
-Oval Window
All are located in the:

Back 78

Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity

Front 79

-maze of bony chambers
-called the “osseous” or “bony chamber”

Back 79

Inner Ear

Front 80

Inner Ear has three divisions:

Back 80

1. Cochlea
2. Vestibule
3. Semicurcular canals

Front 81

snail shape

Back 81

Cochlea

Front 82

between cochlea and semicircular canals

Back 82

Vestibule

Front 83

three curls

Back 83

Semicurcular canals

Front 84

fluid that fills the entire inner ear

Back 84

Perilymph

Front 85

Name 2 Mechanisms of Hearing

Back 85

1. Organ of Corti
2. Cochlear Nerve

Front 86

LAST SENSE TO LEAVE OUR AWARENESS

Back 86

Hearing

Front 87

where hair cells transmit the impulses

Back 87

Cochlear Nerve

Front 88

contains hearing receptors or hair cells

Back 88

Organ of Corti

Front 89

equilibrium receptors of the inner ear

Back 89

Vestibular Apparatus

Front 90

Vestibular Apparatus has 2 functional arms

Back 90

Static Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium

Front 91

Mechanism of Equilibrium

Back 91

Vestibular Apparatus

Front 92

deals with the pull of gravity when the body is not moving

Back 92

Static Equilibrium

Front 93

deals with head movements when rotating (ex. dancing in circles without falling)

Back 93

Dynamic Equilibrium

Front 94

hearing loss of any degree

Back 94

Deafness

Front 95

Conduction deafness =

Back 95

mechanical failure

Front 96

3 causes of
Conduction deafness

Back 96

wax build-up
ossicles fused
ruptured eardrum

Front 97

Deafness that:
-is temporary or permanent
-interferes with sound vibrations =

Back 97

Conduction deafness

Front 98

Sensorineural deafness is due to :

Back 98

a nervous system failure

Front 99

Deafness caused by listening to loud sounds

Back 99

Sensorineural deafness

Front 100

Deafness caused by degeneration or damage to receptor cells

Back 100

Sensorineural deafness

Front 101

TASTE and SMELL are
____________ Senses

Back 101

CHEMICAL

Front 102

receptors for taste and smell because they respond to chemicals=

Back 102

Chemoreceptors

Front 103

Smell and Taste __________ each other.

Back 103

compliment

Front 104

-Not as good as other animals
-Some tasters, tea, coffee, wine, etc
= Sense of:

Back 104

Smell/Taste

Front 105

receptors for the sense of smell

Back 105

Olfactory Receptors

Front 106

found on the roof of each nasal cavity

Back 106

Olfactory Receptors

Front 107

Olfactory Receptors in sniffing used to increase

Back 107

smell

Front 108

neuron with olfactory hair

Back 108

Olfactory Receptor Cells

Front 109

hair picks up odor and sends it to the olfactory nerve

Back 109

Olfactory Receptor Cells

Front 110

first cranial nerve

Back 110

Olfactory Nerve

Front 111

goes to the brain and interprets the smell

Back 111

Olfactory Nerve

Front 112

emotional-visceral brain part

Back 112

Limbic System

Front 113

-Smell of pipe tobacco reminds you of your grandfather.
-Smell of cookies baking reminds you of your grandmother.
Are Examples of the:

Back 113

Limbic System

Front 114

-Smell of a certain perfume reminds you of your girlfriend.
-Smell of a certain cologne reminds you of your boyfriend.
Are Examples of the:

Back 114

Limbic System

Front 115

-loss of chemical senses
-olfactory disorder

Back 115

Anosmias

Front 116

usually caused by head injury, cold, smoking

Back 116

Anosmias

Front 117

Zinc deficiency

Back 117

Anosmias

Front 118

Latin for “Taxare” meaning to touch, estimate, or judge

Back 118

Taste

Front 119

considered the most pleasurable of our special senses

Back 119

Taste

Front 120

-specific receptors for sense of taste

Back 120

Taste Bud

Front 121

projections on the dorsal part of the tongue

Back 121

Papillae

Front 122

-found mostly on the tongue but also on the soft palate and inner cheeks

Back 122

Taste Bud

Front 123

# of Taste Buds

Back 123

approximately 10,000

Front 124

3 types of Papillae

Back 124

-filiform
-fungiform
-circumvallate

Front 125

filiform Papillae are

Back 125

sharp

Front 126

fungiform Papillae are

Back 126

round

Front 127

circumvallate Papillae are

Back 127

on back of tongue

Front 128

-supporting taste buds
-dissolve chemicals in saliva

Back 128

Gustatory Cells

Front 129

-microvilli
-come out through taste pore

Back 129

Gustatory Hair

Front 130

4 Basic Taste Sensations

Back 130

-Sweet Receptors
-Sour Receptors
-Bitter Receptors
-Salt Receptors

Front 131

Taste Sensations
Metal ions=

Back 131

Salt Receptors

Front 132

Taste Sensations
Alkaloids=

Back 132

Bitter Receptors

Front 133

Taste Sensations
Sugar, saccharine,
amino acids=

Back 133

Sweet Receptors

Front 134

Taste Sensations
Acidic solution=

Back 134

Sour Receptors

Front 135

Taste is stimulated by (3)

Back 135

AROMAS, TEMPERATURES, and TEXTURES

Front 136

-cold food is:
mealy:
pasty:
greasy:

Back 136

bland
apple
avocado
burger

Front 137

“hot” foods excite _____ receptors

Back 137

Pain

Front 138

Special senses are a part of the ______ ______and they develop early in the _______ development.

Back 138

-nervous system

-embryonic

Front 139

_______ develop in fourth week as an outgrowth of the brain

Back 139

EYES

Front 140

Congenital Eye Problem

Back 140

Strabismus

Front 141

“crossed eyes” or unequal eye muscle pull

Back 141

Strabismus

Front 142

2 Maternal(mother)Infections that can cuase problems with a fetus

Back 142

1.Rubella (Meassles)
2.Gonorrhea

Front 143

results in blindness or cataracts

Back 143

Rubella (Meassles)

Front 144

results in ophthalmia neonatorum, which is a conjunctivitis; red and swollen; low silver nitrate; antibiotic

Back 144

Gonorrhea

Front 145

the only special sense not fully functional when born

Back 145

Vision

Front 146

1. the eyeball grows until the age of:
2. the lens grows:

Back 146

1. 8 or 9yrs old
2. throughout life

Front 147

At birth, only _____ _____ are seen and eyes are ___________.

Back 147

-gray tones
-uncoordinated

Front 148

1. At 5 months, you can focus acuity of:
2. At 5 years, you can focus acuity of:

Back 148

- 20/200
- 20/30

Front 149

3. At 70 years, acuity is:

Back 149

- lower

Front 150

HEARING:
Congenital abnormalities
1. partial or missing

Back 150

pinna

Front 151

HEARING:
Congenital abnormalities
2. astest or closed

Back 151

external ear canal

Front 152

HEARING:
Congenital abnormalities
3. rubella in mother causes

Back 152

sensorineural deafness

Front 153

newborns hear at

Back 153

first cry

Front 154

at 3 or 4 months, you are able to

Back 154

turn to familiar voices

Front 155

as a toddler, you develop

Back 155

listening skills

Front 156

in early life, you may experience

Back 156

otitis (ear inflammations)

Front 157

in your 60’s, you experience deterioration of the

Back 157

organ of corti

Front 158

Presbycusis:

Back 158

sensorineural deafness

Front 159

Ostosclerosis:

Back 159

ossicles fuse

Front 160

CHEMICAL SENSES
(taste and smell)
Are ______ at birth

Back 160

Sharp

Front 161

CHEMICAL SENSES
(taste and smell)
Taste and smell diminish at ____'s and ____'s

Back 161

40's and 50's

Front 162

CHEMICAL SENSES
(taste and smell)
Can't smell at all and taste is poor at age

Back 162

80+

Front 163

There are 5 senses

Back 163

TOUCH (general)
TASTE (traditional)
SMELL (traditional)
SIGHT (traditional)
HEARING (traditional

Front 164

Which senses are traditionl and which are general?

Back 164

TOUCH (general)
TASTE (traditional)
SMELL (traditional)
SIGHT (traditional)
HEARING (traditional

Front 165

The SPECIAL SENSES are

Back 165

smell, taste, sight, and hearing

Front 166

The 5th SPECIAL SENSE is

Back 166

EQUILIBRIUM, in the ear

Front 167

The most studied sense.

Back 167

Vision

Front 168

70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye.

Back 168

Vision

Front 169

Sense that requires the most learning.

Back 169

Vision

Front 170

Anatomy of the Eye
__________ in shape.
___ _____ in diameter.

Back 170

Spherical

1 inch

Front 171

protects anterior of the eye

Back 171

Eyelid

Front 172

come out of the eyelid border; hairs

Back 172

Eyelashes

Front 173

produce oil to lubricate the eye

Back 173

Meibomian Glands

Front 174

modified sweat glands between the eyelashes

Back 174

Ciliary Glands

Front 175

release diluted salt (tears)

Back 175

Lacrimal Glands

Front 176

6 external eye muscles allow your eyes to move

Back 176

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Front 177

lines the eyelid and covers the outer eyeball; secretes mucus to lubricate the eye and keep it moist

Back 177

Conjunctiva membrane

Front 178

inflamed conjunctiva

Back 178

Conjunctivitis

Front 179

infectious form of conjunctivitis by bacteria or a virus

Back 179

Pink Eye

Front 180

tears spill over into the nasolacrimal duct, causing conjestion

Back 180

Sniffles

Front 181

a hollow sphere with 3 tunics (coats) and a fluid called humor

Back 181

Eyeball

Front 182

3 tunics (coats) of the eyeball

Back 182

-Sclera
-Choroid
-Sensory Tunic

Front 183

-outermost covering of eye
-made of connective tissue

Back 183

-Sclera

Front 184

thick; called the “fibrous tunic” or the “white of the eye”

Back 184

-Sclera

Front 185

-transparent window where light enters the eye
-central anterior part of the sclera

Back 185

Cornea

Front 186

only tissue of a body that can be transplanted without a fear of rejection.

Back 186

Cornea

Front 187

1. middle coat
2. rich in blood
3. has a dark pigment so light won’t scatter in the eye

Back 187

Choroid

Front 188

where the lens is attached

Back 188

Ciliary Body

Front 189

pigmented with round opening

Back 189

Iris

Front 190

opening in iris where light passes

Back 190

Pupil

Front 191

circular muscle contracts and the pupils constrict

Back 191

CLOSE VISOIN AND BRIGHT LIGHT

Front 192

fibers contract to dilate the pupil

Back 192

DISTANT VISION AND DIM LIGHT