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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Error |
Stuff other than the IV that affects the DV |
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Reliability |
Degree observations are consistent -Consistency over time -Inter-observer reliability -Internal Consistency |
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Interobserver Reliability |
Extent there is a correlation between 2+ observers that saw the same event |
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Internal Consistency |
extent to which items of an instrumental hang together
split-half method |
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Validity |
Degree we observe what we claim to observe |
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Type I Error |
a
Reject the null when it is true Claiming relationship that does not exist Caused by SYSTEMATIC ERROR |
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Type II Error |
B Accept the null when it is false Failing to claim a relationship that does exist Caused by random error |
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Statistically Identifying Error |
Confidence intervals (95%) standard error coefficient or variance |
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Reducing Error |
Eliminate Systematic Error -Good design holds variables constant -systematic variation Reduce Random Error -Random Assignment |
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Internal Validity |
Cause leads to effect Studying the IV and DV |
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External Validity |
Generalizability Should apply to a population |
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Face Validity |
How our body responds |
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Construct Validality |
Constructing the measure Convergent validity--see if there is a relationship Discriminate Validity--taking two things and see when they come togther |
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Threats to Validity |
People are different People change Studying people changes people Variables of T change people |
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Measures |
Tools used to obtain information about the behavior being studied and refer to how the data are collected |
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Instructions to Participants |
Uniformity of interpretation Command participants attention Participants need to understand the essential features of manipulation Necessary to complete the experiment KISS |
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Verbal Measures |
Attitudes, Beliefs, perceptions, expectations advantages---Face validity disadvantages---indiscriminate, indirect report
cheap---very clear |
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Verbal Measures: Self-Report |
Standardized Tests, interview, Attitudes scales |
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Attitudes Scales |
Likert Scale---scale of 1 to 5, one=hate it, 5=love it always an odd number, never over 9 |
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Behavioral Measures |
Watch people Multiple types--Nonverbal cues, behavioroid and physiological measures Advantages---direct report Disadvantages--Difficult to use, low face validity, reactive |
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Nominal Levels |
Categorial Gender, yes/no, race
mode |
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Ordinal Levels |
Rank
Likert Scale, young vs old, IQ
Median, mode, %, rank order
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Interval Levels |
No Zero Time, Temp., Pupil Dilation M, SD, r, t, F |
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Ratio Levels |
Zero
Weight, frequency
M, SD, r, t, F |
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Levels of Measurement |
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio |
