Vaccines And Fluid Therapy

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Nosocomial

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Illness obtained from the hospital

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Attenuated

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Reduction of the virulence of a pathogen, but keeping it alive, just less viable/harmless

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Modified-live virus

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Attenuated or modified by growing in a non-host organism. Not recommended in animals that are pregnant or immunocompromised. Most vaccines are modified live.

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Killed virus

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A dead virus that sometimes needs the addition of adjuvents. Rabies is a killed virus

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Adjuvant

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Something that comes along with the virus so the body can recognize the hallmark signs that look like the disease being vaccinated against. Vaccine reactions can come from this

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Interferons

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Our immediate immune system response that protects us right away. Short term immunity/ antibody response

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Antigens

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Substance recognized by the immune system as a foreign body and causes an immune response/ antibody response

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Antibody

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Proteins within our body that react to certain antigens. Your immunoglobulins

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Difference between active and passive immunity

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Active = Antibodies obtained from the environment. Contact and subsequent immunity gained when fought off by the body and vaccines

Passive = antibodies you're born with/obtained from mother. Colostrum or during gestation

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At what age do we start the rabies vaccines in dogs and cats?

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4 months.

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PRI

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Primary Rate Infusion. ___mL/hr

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SRI

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Secondary Rate Infusion

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VTBI

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Volume to be infused - How much will the patient have?

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VI

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Volume infused - How much the patient has gotten

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What cannot go through fluid machines?

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Blood products with RBC's

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Canine Distemper

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CORE

Highly contagious viral disease that spreads rapidly through epithelial cells and the central nervous system

Similar to human measels virus (Ferrets also susceptible)

Symptoms = Fever, depression, anorexia, ocular and nasal discharge, possible coughing, vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration, convulsions, paralysis and death follow.

Transmitted by airborne droplets

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Canine Parvovirus description, symptoms, transmission

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CORE

Highly contagious enteric disease. There are 2 types, CPV1 and CPV2.

Symptoms include: Lethargy, severe depression, fever, anorexia, bloodstained vomit, bloody diarrhea and severe dehydration

Transmitted via fecal/oral contact with feces or infected dogs. Can survive in environment for up to 7 years.

Inactivated by bleach solution of 1:30.

Bitches should be vaccinated at least 1 month prior to conception

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Canine Coronavirus - Description, symptoms and transmission

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Highly infections viral enteritis, similar to parvo but not as severe.

Symptoms = Orange diarrhea that is very malodorus, vomiting, anorexia and lethargy.

Transmission contact with infections fecal material

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Canine adenovirus (A2 or H) - Description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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AKA infectious canine hepatitis (caused by the adenovirus). Starts in URT and migrates to liver.

Symptoms = fever, anorexia, kennel cough (which can turn into pneumonia), depression, dyspnea, abdominal tenderness, muscle trembling, and serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge. Can also affect the liver, kidneys,spleen and lungs.

Transmission: Urine, feces, saliva or blood.

Diagnosed: Increased liver enzymes on blood chemistry

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Bordetella vaccine

Symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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Can be bacterial (bordetella bronchiseptica) or viral (parainfluenza virus) URD that is extremely contageous.

Symptoms = Harsh, dry, unprroductive cough, tracheal sensitivity, ocular and nasal discharge

Transmission = Airborn

Diagnosed by the symptoms and the honking cough

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Canine leptospirosis description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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Bacterial infection that affects dogs and humans that infects the liver and kidnesy. Each strain requires its own vaccinwe

Symptoms = Vomitingg, diarrhea, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, depression and jaundice Can cause acute hepatic and renal failure in later stages.

Tranmission = ingestin of water or food contaminated by infected urine, or mucus membrane/skin exposure

Diagnosed = urine or bblood testingg

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Canine Giardia description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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Enteric infection with Giardia spp. and very common in dogs younger than 6 months or immunocompromised.

Symptoms = Recurrent diarrhea
Transmission = drinking contaminated Giardia water

Diagnosed via direct fecal smear or fecal centrifugation. Vaccine works in the intestine for both trophozoite and cyst forms

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Canine lyme disease description, symptoms, transmission and treatment

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Caused by pathogenic strains of borrelia burgdorferi found in many tissues of infected ticks - zoonotic.

Symptoms = Fever, depression, anorexia, stiffness, and joint pain and swelling resulting in lameness.

Transmitted = Usually comes from an infected deer tick bite

Diagnosed = Finding evidence of ticks on the patient

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Rabies description, symptoms

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Acute infectious encephalitis characterized by altered behavior, aggressiveness, progressive paralysis, and death.

Transmitted by infected saliva from a bite wound

Reportable to CDC

Symptoms = 3 phases of clinical signs: Prodromal, furious (longest stage) and dumb

Animals quarantined for 10 days if unvaccinated animal bites someone.

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3 stages of rabies

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1. Prodromal - Changes in behavior and temperment may be seen, may become restless, snap at imaginary objects and vocalize. Can last a few hours to 2-3 days.

2. Furious (longest stage) - AKA excitative phase. Excitable, aggressive behavior. The affected animal may hide in dark places (photophobia), hyperestheia, chewing, biting and self mutilation can be seen.

3. Dumb - AKA paralytic phase. Paralysis of pharynx and masseter muscles makes it impossible to swallow (Foaming at the mouth) with slight protrussion of the tongue, anorexia and dehydration are common, followed by full body paralysis. Coma and death follow in 2-4 days

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When do we start dogs on a Canine Heartworm regiment?

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Puppies typically started on a heartworm program as early as 4 weeks. Dogs cant give other dogs HW, mosquitoes do!

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Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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Caused by a feline herpes virus and is highly contagious. Carried on the cats body for life and may relapse during stressful times.

Symptoms = Sudden conjuctivitis, lacrimation, anorexia, fever, dehydration, and nasal discharge and sneezing

Transmission = Direct or indirect contact with infected secretions or infected food/water

Diagnosis = Collect samples from mouth, nose and conjunctival sacs

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Feline Calicivirus description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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URI occurs about 45% of the time.

Symptoms = Fever, lacrimation, serous nasal discharge that is purulent (green), sneezing, anorexia, dehydration, and depression. ulceration of the tongue and palatine mucoses may be seen also.

Transmission = Direct or indirect contact with infected secretions or infected food/water.

Diagnosed by collecting samples from mouth, nose, and conjunctival sacs

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Feline Panleukopenia (P) description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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It is the "P" in the FVR-CP Core vaccines. AKA Feline distemper or feline infectious enteritis, feline parvovirus, and feline pancytopenia.

This is aparvovirus and replicates in rapidly dividing cells. Highly contagous, with moderate to high mortality rate.

Symptoms = Depression, anorexia, fever, vomiting, ataxia, yellow diarrhea, severe dehydration and leukopenia.

Transmission = Direct or indirect contact with infected body secretions. Also crosses placental barrier. Can be diagnosed with the ELISA parvo test.

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Feline Leukemia Virus description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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Retrovirus that can cause bone marror and immune-mediated disorders like anemias, cancers and lymphomas.

Symptoms = anorexia, weight loss, anemia, weakness, infections, vomiting/diarrhea and dehydration

Transmission = Infected saliva

Diagnosis = Blood tests like the ELISA. Cats are tested PRIOR to vaccination. Retesting done 6 weeks later if it shows up as a weak positive.

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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus description, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis

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Retrovirus causing immunomediated disorders. Similar to FeLV. The infected can can live a long time and be non-symptomatic

Symptoms = Chronic halitosis, secondary diseases/infections

Transmission = Deep bite wound

diagnosis - blood tests after 16 weeks of age. Rare in cats less than 1 year of age

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Feline Infectious Peritonitis description and forms

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Caused by feline coronavirus and is immune-mediated disease. two forms: wet and dry

Wet form: Results in fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites) which can leak into the chest (pulmonary edema) causing dyspnea and drowning in own fluids. Symptoms include a nonresponsive fever, anorexia, lethargy, weight lose, pale MM, sticky yellow fluid in the chest and/or abdomen.

Dry form - harder to diagnose, seen more in adults.

Diagnosed by checking protein levels, but no concrete way to test for it. Very complex disease

Front 33

What are the two main fluid compartments in the body

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Extracellular fluids - Fluids outside the cell (1/3)

Intracellular fluids - Fluids within the cells (2/3)

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Extracellular fluid - What are the 3 sections?

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Vascular - Fluids in the vessel (24%)

Interstitial - Fluids between the ICF and ECF (around cells) 75%

Transcellular = Fluids found within specialized compartments (1%)

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Effective Osmoles vs ineffective osmoles

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Effective Osmoles = Molecules that cannot cross over the membrane and cause osmosis to occur

Ineffective osmoles = Molecules that can cross over the membrane and will not cause osmosis to occur

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Balanced crystaloid solutions vs unbalanced crystaloid solutions

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Balanced (Replacement) = Contain buffers and have electrolyte composistions that resemble that of the plasma (Norm R, LRS, Plasmalyte, etc)

Unbalanced crystaloid solutions (Maintenance) - Do not contain buffers and do not resemble plasma electrolyte concentrations (0.9% NaCl

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Sensible vs insensible fluid losses

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Sensible - Fluid losses that account for 2/3 of the daily losses. From urination. It is sensible because it is easy to measure

Insensible = Account for the remaining 1/3 of daily losses. These losses include fluid lost through things like feces and panting. Insensible because it is harder to measure, so it is estimated.

Daily fluid requirements are based on these losses

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Ongoing losses

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Any losses outside of the normal losses.

Vomiting/diarrhea
Excessive panting
fever
Trauma

This volume is estimated to help correct the fluid deficit. usually crystaloids are used to replace these losses

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What do IV fluid buffers do, and what types of IV fluids have buffers?

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Buffers help keep the blood pH within a normal range so fluids do not cause the blood to go too acidic or alkaline.

Normasol-R/Plasmalyte A (Can cause transient hpytension and transient nausea/vomiting in cats with high boluses.

LRS (use caution in patients with liver diesease and do not use with blood products.

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LRS - Lactated Ringer's Solution

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Crystaloid with lactate as a buffer. Contains Sodium, potassium and chloride along with Calcium

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Plasmalyte-A/Normasol-R

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Crystaloid that is a buffer. Contains Sodium, potassium and chloride

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Sodium Chloride/PSS/0.9% NaCl

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Only contains sodium and chloride, no potassium, no buffers. Slightly acitic

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What is 5% Dextrose solution? How can it not be given? Why is it used?

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Crystalloid solution. CANNOT BE GIVEN SQ! HYPERTONIC!

mainly used to give free water since dextrose is quickly metabolized. Does not contain any electrolytes or buffers. Used to increase glucose levels in body

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0.45% NaCl in 2.5% Dextrose

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Half strengh saline in half strengh dextrose. used in patients with a potential for fluid overload, doesnt cause as much osmosis into the vascular system

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Hetastarch (HES)

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Colloid solution that has large sugar/starch particles. not able to be broken down by the body easily so must remain in the vascular space. Will cause fluid to rush into the vascular space due to change in water concentration

Similar to Pentastarch and Dextrans (Dextrans can increase clotting times)

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Shock Fluid Therapy

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Started immediatly. Crystalloids are common first choice (LRS and Norm-R) and Crystalloids used as well to help bring up vascular volume.

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Volume Dependent method vs "end-point" resuscitation method

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Volume dependant - when crystalloid solution is used at the fluid rate of 90 ml/kg in dogs and 55 ml/kg in cats. Patient given large volumes for fluids at a fast rate to quckly replace losses (Shock/Bloodloss)

End point - Allows vet to set vital sign parameters as "goals" to reach the fluid therap is continued or stopped once the parameters are met (Sick)

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Hetastarch standard shock dose

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5-10 ml/kg with a suggested maximum of 20 ml/kg day

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meq

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Millequivelent. 2 meq in 1 ml. Potassium (k) is measured by this.

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Surgical IV fluid rates and Maintenance IV fluid rates

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10ml/kg/hr for surgical

60ml/kg/day