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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 2 important contributors to reduce mortality and allow population growth?
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vaccination, potable water (water safe enough for humans to drink)
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if a disease is prevented by *sanitation or vector control*, is it preventing transmission or infection?
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transmission
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If a disease is prevented by *immunizations*, is it preventing transmission or infection?
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infection
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this immmunization stimulates *own* immune system to elicit immunity. is this passive or active immunization?
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active
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this immunity is from *antibodies* from immune people or animals. is this passive of active immunization?
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passive
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Does active or passive immunizations provide *permanent* protection?
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active(*gradual* protection over time for a long time)
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Does active or passive immunizations provide *temporary* protection?
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passive (*immediate* protection for short time)
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is active or passive immunizations based on preformed antibodies?
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passive (preformed antibodies aka antiserum)
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passive immmunizations are always artificial. true or false?
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false (can also be *natural*. ex. maternal Abs)
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polyclonal antibodies for passive immunity is taken from >1000 *healthy* donors. is this standard or specific human immunoglobulin?
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standard (provides a *broad range* of immune protection. used when a person is immunodeficient/immunocompromised)
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polyclonal antibodies for passive immunity is taken from *immunized/convalescing donors*. Is this standard or specific human immunoglobulin?
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specific (used during outbreaks for certain diseases)
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polyclonal antibodies used for passive immunity mainly use which Ig/immunoglobulin?
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G (*mainly polyclonal IgG*)
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monoclonal antibodies are advantageous because of their *known specificity and high reproducibility*. true or false?
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true (ex. *rh humanized mAb*, which is 95% human and 5% mouse)
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Active Ab immunization is given when a person needs *immediate immunity or if immunocompromised*. true or false?
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false (passive, not active, because it has a quicker effect, but lasts only short time. passive could also be used when the *vaccine is not available*)
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passive immunization has a *variable response*. true or false?
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true (depends on the dose)
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what can cause *immunosuppression*, passive or active immunity?
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passive (can block the active adaptive response)
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what can be transmitted, passive or active immunization?
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passive (may transmit blood borne pathogens aka hepatitis or HIV. *Ab preparations are heat-treated to kill any pathogens*)
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what arises from natural infection or *vaccination*, active or passive immunity?
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active (protection produced by persons *own* immune system. permanent protection)
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passive and active immunizations can't be used together. true or false?
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false (in some cases they can be, like rabies)
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vaccinations can cause a disease. true or false?
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false (cannot cause a disease, *innocuous*. develop long term immunity)
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In 10th century china, was varaiolation used through the skin or the nose?
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nose (variolation=specific immunity to smallpox)
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in 16th century india, was variolation used through the skin or the nose?
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skin (variolation=specific immunity to smallpox)
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who discovered the first vaccination?
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benjamin jesty (18th century, innoculated his family with cowpox)
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who was credited for the discovery of the smallpox vaccine?
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Edward jenner (inoculated a boy with cowpox)
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in the 1870's, louis pasteur was credited for isolating, ___, and injecting vaccines.
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inactivating (inactivated by killing with heat)
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what arethe 3 main categories of vaccines?
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live attenuated, inactivated, nucleic acid based vaccine (still in research)
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attenuated vaccine means that the micororganism is dead. true or false?
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false (*weakened*)
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are live attenuated vaccines highly immunogenic?
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yes (bc still expresses immunogenic surface antigens)
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live attenuated vaccines can't replicate. true or false?
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false (they lose the ability to replicate *competently* in humans. nonpathogenic, so cannot cause disease)
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live attenuated vaccines can cause a disease. true or false?
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false (non pthogenic, so cannot cause a disease)
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what makes an attenuated vaccine different from its natural microbe?
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replicates slower (so, it emulates immune response to natural infection)
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an attenuated vaccine must replicate to be effective. true or false?
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true (needs replicate enough to emulate an immune response)
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what are 2 ways of getting an attenuated vaccine?
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animal viruses (like cowpox), cell culture (generate *mutants* of microbe)
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when selecting mutant microbes for live attenuation, the microbes should replicate well in ____ cells, but replicate poorly in ___ cells (human or foreign)
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foreign, human
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what drug is an example of a *live attenuated influenza virus vaccine* (LAIV)?
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flumist (*intranasal seasonal flu vaccine*)
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the live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (flumist) replicates in the warmer upper respiratory tract, not lower tract. true or false?
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false (its cold-adapted, so replicates in the cooler upper respiratory tract)
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the live attenuated virus vaccine(flumist) can cause cold-like symptoms. true or false?
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true (but will not cause influenza)
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the live attenuated virus vaccine(flumist) cannot be transmitted to others. true or false?
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false (it can be transmitted, *but will not cause influenza*)
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the live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (flumist) causes *IgA* antibodies to respond. true or false?
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true (but also elicits IgG)
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what process is used to make the live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV/flumist)?
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reverse genetics
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what are the 2 immunogenic antigens that are used to make the live attenuated influenza virus vaccine?
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NA (neuraminidase), HA (hemagglutinin)
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the influenza has how many RNA gene segments?
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8
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when making the flu vaccine, what provides 6 genes, plus the attenuated phenotype?
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attenuated PR8 flu virus (attenuated, cold-adapted in chicken embryo)
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when making the flu vaccine, what provides HA and NA genes?
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virulent target flu virus (phenotype is from the attenuated PR8 Flu virus)
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the genes to make the live attenuated influenza virus are transfected into which cells?
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vero (transfect vero cells with 8 plasmids to make the live attenuated influenza virus)
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besides the influenza vaccine, which other vaccine is a *live attenuated vaccine* that we have to know?
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MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
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are viruses or bacteria mainly used in attenuated vaccines via cell culture?
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viruses (because its difficult to attenuate bacteria using cell culture, *reverse genetics is a more promising method*)
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what is the most significant advantage of live vaccines? (3 words)
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mimics natural infection
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live vaccines elicist which 2 immune responses?
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antibody, cell-mediated (mimics natural infection)
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do live vaccines provide lifelong immunity of temporary immunity?
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lifelong (usually with *1 low dose*)
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live vaccines require adjuvants. true or false?
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false (don't require, talk about why later)
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since live vaccines can't replicate competively, they can't revert to a virulent form. true or false?
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false (they can, but its unlikely)
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which type of vaccine can't be used when a patient is immunodeficient or pregnant?
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live (bc only weakened, can still replicate)
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live vaccines can't spread to nonimmunized people. true or false?
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false (it can't, but won't be serious unless they are immunodeficient)
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live vaccines are technically unachievable for most vaccines under development. true or false?
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true (requires a delicate balance)
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an underattenuated vaccine will not be immunogenic. true or false?
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false (it will cause disease)
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an overattenuated vaccine will not be immunogenic. true or false?
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true
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inactivated vaccines cannot *replicate*. true or false?
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true (only attenuated can replicate)
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inactivated vaccines typically induce which immune response?
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humoral (antibody)
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what are the 3 methods of *inactivating* microbes?
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heat, irradiation, chemicals
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when inactivating a microbe, what part of the microbe should not be altered?
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immunogenic antigens
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which type of vaccine can't revert to a virulent form and can be used in immunodeficient patients?
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inactivated
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what is more immunogenic, attenuated or inactivated?
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attenuated (bc microbes are just weakened, not dead)
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what makes inactivated vaccines more immunogenic?
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adjuvant
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which type of vaccine requires multiple doses and boosters to create long term immunity?
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inactivated
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In preparation of an inactivated vaccine, what could be damaged?
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antigens
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what elicits mucosal immunity (IgA). attenuated or inactivated vaccine?
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attenuated (oral)
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which immunity is activated in live/attenuated vaccines, but not inactivated vaccines?
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mucosal immunity (*IgA*)
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is a killed/inactivated vaccine taken orally or via injection?
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injection
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is a live/attenuated vaccine taken orally or via injection?
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orally
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what are the 3 types of inactivated subunit vaccines?
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toxoid, conjugate, recombinant subunit
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what are the 2 types of inactivated vaccines?
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whole pathogen, subunit
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subunit vaccines induce which immune response?
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humoral (antibody. subunit vaccines use purified immunodominant antigens)
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what are the 2 types of antigens mainly used in subunit vaccines?
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proteins (bacterial toxins), polysaccharides (*carbohydrates and peptides are not really used*)
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purifying microbes for a subunit vaccine yields what 2 parts?
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proteins, polysaccharides (chemicals used to break apart microbe and release surface antigens)
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which inactivated subunit vaccine is used against bacterial toxins?
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toxoid (a toxoid is a toxin that loses its toxicity, but remains immunogenic. *still has antigenic determinants*)
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a toxoid has no toxicity or antigenic determinants. true or false?
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false (still has immunogenic antigens to cause an immune response)
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What is the main toxoid vaccine that should be known?
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DaPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)
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the polysaccharide subunit vaccine is used against which 2 types of polysaccharides?
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surface, capsular
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polysaccharide vaccines induce which immune response?
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Tcell independent (*only IgM, no memory*, Ab titers don't increase, poorly immunogenic in children less than 2yrs)
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which vaccine makes polysaccharides Tcell dependent?
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conjugate
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what vaccine makes a polyssacharide more immunogenic?
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conjugate (can be used in infants because TI responses under-developed)
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in a recombinant subunit vaccine, what is being extracted from vector purification?
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recombinant antigens, VLPs (virus like particles)
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whats the difference between a VLP (virus like particle), and a virus?
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lacks genetic material (makes it *non-infectious*)
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hepatitis B and HPV are examples of what?
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VLP (virus like particles)
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flublok is what type of vaccine?
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inactivated
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which vaccine type has no defined composition?
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subunit
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which vaccine is the safest/ no risk of pathogenicity?
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subunit
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in which vaccine type might antigens not retain their native conformation?
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subunit
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subunit vaccines are less immunogenic than whole cell vaccine. true or false?
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true (more restricted immunity)
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do subunit vaccines requires larger/multiple doses?
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yes (disadvantage)
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adjuvants are not needed in subunit vaccines. true or false?
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false (not highly immunogenic, so need adjuvants)
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what are the two types of nucleic acid-based vaccines?
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DNA, Viral Vector
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in nucleic acid based vaccines, what is being introduced into the host cell?
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microbial DNA
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in nucleic acid based vaccines, microbial DNA can encode for one immunogenic microbial antigen into the host cells. true or false?
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false (one or more)
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in nucleic acid based vaccines, the host cell that takes up microbial DNA will secrete or express the microbial antigen on its surface. true or false?
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true
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In DNA vaccines, microbial DNA is inserted into what?
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plasmid (inject plasma into muscle)
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in DNA vaccines, after the injection of DNA plasmids, what 2 cells take up the plasmids?
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APC (CD8, MHCI), stromal cells (*DC takes up antigen and cross presents vaccine antigen*)
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viral vector vaccines are inactivated vaccines. true or false?
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false (live attenuated viruses, so get full imunity)
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whats the difference between a viral vector vaccine and a live attenuated vaccines?
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can't revert to pathogenic form (because no genetic material, but still gets response of live attenuated vaccines)
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virus vectors vaccines can target specific cell types. true or false?
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true
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in virus vector vaccines,DC cross-presentation is very important. true or false?
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true
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nucleic acid-based vaccines induce which immunity?
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humoral, cell mediated
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nucleic acid based vaccines are pathogenic. true or false?
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false (non pathogenic because most of genome is missing)
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in nucleic acid based vaccines, the antigen is expressed in an artificial form. true or false?
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false (natural, so makes it more advantageous)
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what are the two roles of adjuvants in the immune response?
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enhance, modulate
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adjuvants targets APC's. true or false?
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true
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what are the two types of traditional adjuvants?
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alum, oil in water emulsions
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what are the 2 types of new generation adjuvants?
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TLR agonists, nanoparticles
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which adjuvant is the safest one?
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alum
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which adjuvant is used to priming responses?
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oil in water emulsions
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what is the main limitation of traditional adjuvants?
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only enhance humoral response
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current vaccines are efficient against pathogens having high antigen variability. true or false?
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false (low antigen variability)
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most vaccines mediate protection by inducing which Ig Abs?
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G
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nanoparticles are novel adjuvants. true or false?
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false (they deliver proteins. TLR agonists are novel adjuvants)
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AS04 is made from which 2 things?
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alum, TLR4 agonist
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TLR simulates which immunity?
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innate (which initiates/amplifies Th adaptive immunity)
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which 2 adjuvants increases the recruitment/activation of APC's?
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alum, oil in water
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which type of adjuvant initiates/amplifies Th adaptive immunity?
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TLR agonists
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CTL's are highly induced with most adjuvants. true or false?
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false (poor induction of CTL responses, mostly innate, cept nanoparticles)
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which adjuvant is aimed at inducing both humoral and cell mediated responses?
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nanoparticles
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which adjuvant emulates an immune response to natural infection?
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nanoparticles
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what acts as a delivery vehicle for vaccines?
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nanoparticles (presents single or multiple antigens in native form)
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antigens and adjuvants are loaded into which structures for transportation?
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liposomes
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what makes an virusome different from a virus?
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no genetic material (virosome is a type of liposome)
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what is the term used to predict genes that elicit protective immune responses?
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systematics
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what is the only vaccine recommended at birth?
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hepatitis b
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what age is most vaccines given? what type of vaccines are given?
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2 months, inactivated
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what age are live attenuated vaccines given?
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1 yr
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58% of vaccines in the US are inactivated or live attenuated ___ ___ vaccines.
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whole pathogen (predominantly virus vaccines)
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what is the seasonal vaccine made of infuenza A and influenza B?
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trivalent (2A's, one B)
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what act protects the financial liability of *vaccine manufacturers* due to vaccine injury claims?
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NCVIA (national childhood vaccine injury act)
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the NCVIA (national childhood vaccine injury act) protects the financial liability of ____ ____ due to vaccine injury claims.
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vaccine manufacturers
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NCVIA (national childhood vaccine injury act) mandates that all *health care providers* must do what 2 things?
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report adverse events following vaccination, provide a vaccine information statement (with *every vaccination*)
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in the NCVIA (national childhood vaccine injury act), where are adverse events following a vccination reported to?
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VAERS (vaccine adverse event reporting system)
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what organization/department controls the NVPO (national vaccine program office) and the VICP (national vaccine injury compensation program)
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US department of health and human services
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which program under the US department of health and human services is in charge of *evaluating adverse events* and doing most stuff vaccine related?
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NVPO (national vaccine program office)
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which program under the US department of health and human services is in charge of the *no fault system* for resolving vaccine injury compensation?
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VICP (national vaccine injury compensation program)
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what are 2 challenges with vaccines?
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availability (in underdeveloped countries), safety fears (public trust)
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where was the controversy that involved polio vaccines having anti-fertility drugs?
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nigeria
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which vaccine was believed to cause brain damage?
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pertussis (so developed acellular pertussis vaccine, but the original vaccine didn't cause problem)
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which vaccine was believed to cause autism?
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UK MMR
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how many vaccines do children receive routinely?
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14
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can vaccines weaken or overwhelm the immune system?
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no (preson can have 10^5 vaccines at one time)
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what is done if there is a vaccine safety issue?
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independent reivew (national vaccine program office)
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the public also worries that vaccines may be toxic. true or false?
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true (may contain thimersol/mercury, aluminum, formaldehyde, but all within FDA regulations. *only one with thimersol is influenza vaccine*)
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all current vaccines carry a small degree of risk. true or false?
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true (allergies and molecular mimicry)
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what are the 2 risks of taking vaccines?
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allergy, molecular mimicry (crossreactive Abs, Tcells)
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