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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of blood-- What are the 3 main functions of blood? |
--regulation --defense system |
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Functions of blood-- What is transported? |
--nutrients --waste products --hormones |
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Functions of blood-- What is regulated? |
--body temp --tissue fluid content --blood pH |
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Functions of blood-- What is used in defense system? |
--platelets --clotting factors |
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What is the liquid portion of blood? |
plasma |
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What is the cellular portion of blood composed of? |
--white blood cells (WBC's) --platelets (thrombocytes) |
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Composition of blood-- Plasma makes up what % of a blood sample volume? |
45% to 78% depending on: --the species of the animal --the size of its red blood cells |
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Composition of blood-- Plasma contains what % of water? |
93% |
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What proteins are dissolved or suspended in plasma? |
--globulins --fibrinogens |
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Composition of blood-- What gasses are dissolved or suspended in plasma? |
--oxygen --carbon dioxide --nitrogen |
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What building blocks of proteins are dissolved or suspended in plasma? |
--amino acids --metabolic wastes --electrolytes |
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Cellular components-- What do erythrocytes (red blood cells) do? |
carry oxygen |
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What do thrombocytes (platelets) do? |
help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels |
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What do leukocytes (white blood cells) classified? |
granulocytic or agranulocytic |
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Cellular components-- Do leukocytes (white blood cells) serve multiple functions? |
yes |
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What is hematopoiesis? |
production of ALL blood cells |
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Hematopoiesis-- Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur? |
red bone marrow |
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Where does fetal hematopoiesis occur? |
the liver and spleen |
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Hematopoiesis-- Where does neonatal hematopoiesis occur? |
red bone marrow |
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Hematopoiesis-- In older animals, what is red bone marrow converted to? |
inactive, yellow bone marrow |
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What is yellow bone marrow composed of? |
fat cells that have replaced some of the active red marrow in long (at ends) and flat bones |
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Hematopoiesis-- T or F: In older animals, the liver and spleen have a limited capacity to participate in hematopoiesis. |
True
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Hematopoiesis-- What is a hematopoietic stem cell called? |
pluripotent
| | multiple potential |
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Hematopoiesis-- T or F: The stem cells can develop into any one of the blood cells. |
True
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Hematopoiesis-- What determines which type of blood cell a stem cell will become? |
it depends on chemical or physiological stimuli |
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Hematopoiesis-- Do stem cells involve numerous cell divisions? |
yes |
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Erythropoiesis-- What is erythropoiesis? |
production of red blood cells |
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What is erythropoietin? |
hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia |
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What is hypoxia? |
low O2 |
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Erythropoiesis-- Stem cells are triggered to ________ and ________. |
divide, differentiate |
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Erythropoiesis-- Does the process require one or multiple maturation steps? |
multiple |
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Red blood cells-- Composed of what % of water? |
65%
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Composed of what % of solids? |
35% |
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What is the primary solid? |
hemogobin |
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What shape are they (in most mammals)? |
round |
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Red blood cells-- Do they have a nucleus (in most mammals)? |
no, they are anuclear |
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They have ________ disks (in most mammals). |
biconcave
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Red blood cells-- Are they the same or variable sizes? |
variable |
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What do they use for energy? |
plasma glucose |
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What is it composed of? |
| | Fe (iron) protein |
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What is heme? |
pigment portion |
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Where is heme produced? |
in the mitochondria |
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Hemoglobin-- What does heme contain? |
iron atoms (Fe++) |
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Every heme group can carry how many molecules of oxygen? |
1 |
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Hemoglobin-- How many heme groups attach to each globin molecule? |
4 |
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Hemoglobin-- What is globin? |
protein portion |
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What is globin produced by? |
ribosomes |
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Normal hemoglobin types-- Where is embryonic hemoglobin (HbE) found? |
in developing fetuses |
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Normal hemoglobin types-- Where is fetal hemoglobin (HbF) found? |
in fetal blood during mid-to late gestation and up to a couple months after birth |
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Where is adult hemoglobin found? |
in the red blood cells of all animals beginning a couple of weeks to a couple of months after birth |
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Normal hemoglobin types-- What is Oxyhemoglobin? |
hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
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In oxyhemoglobin, how many oxygen molecules are associated with each iron (Fe++) molecule? |
one |
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What is Deoxyhemoglobin? |
hemoglobin that has released its oxygen |
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Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow called _________. |
Megakaryocytes |
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)-- What is Thrombopoiesis? |
production of platelets
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)-- What happens to the megakaryote during maturation? |
it undergoes incomplete mitosis |
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The platelet will contain some granules and those granules are typically ________ _________. |
clotting factors |
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Where does this occur? |
--In red bone marrow --Some lymphocytes develop further outside the bone marrow |
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Leukopoiesis-- |
red blood cells and megakaryocytes |
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Granulopoiesis-- What is granulopoiesis? |
production of the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Granulopoiesis-- Specific granules are produced during maturation. What do they contain? |
Granules contain different substances depending on the cells function |
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Neutrophil characteristics-- What is a neutrophil? |
Most numerous WBC in circulation in dog, horse and cat
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Neutrophil characteristics-- What is a neutrophils function? |
Phagocytosis (engulfing of foreign material or tissue debris (Pacman) |
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Granules contain lysosomes capable of doing what? |
destroying bacteria and viruses that have been engulfed |
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Neutrophil characteristics-- What is chemotaxis? |
process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection |
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What is diapedesis? |
process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces |
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T or F: Neutrophil is the first cell to come to the site of damage. |
True
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Outer membrane flows around the microorganisms and encases them within what? |
a membrane-bound phagocytic vacuole |
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Neutrophil action-- Cytoplasmic granules move to the edge of the vacuole and fuse with its membrane. Then what happens? |
--that breaks the bacteria down and they die |
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Eosinophil characteristics-- What % of the total white blood cell count are eosinophils? |
0-5% |
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Eosinophil characteristics-- What are granules? |
anti-inflammatory substances in it |
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Eosinophil characteristics-- What is immunity? |
ingests substances associated with humoral immunity |
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Can they undergo phagocytosis? |
they can, but unlike neutrophils, this one deals with parasitic worms and protozoa |
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Where are eosinophils produced? |
in bone marrow from the same pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cells |
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Basophil characteristics-- How often are basophils seen? |
Least often seen WBC in circulation |
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Basophil characteristics-- Which animal has fewer granules than the other common domestic species? |
dog |
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Basophil characteristics-- Tissue mast cells do the same job, but basophils are found in the blood. Where are mast cells found? |
in the tissue |
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What do granules contain? |
histamine and heparin |
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Basophil functions-- What is histamine? |
helps initiate inflammation and acute allergic reactions |
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Basophils functions-- What is heparin? |
acts as a localized anticoagulant to keep blood flowing to an injured or damaged area |
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Monocytes are important _______ cells. |
phagocytic |
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Second to site of damage. Will remain at site longer because of.... |
better killing power |
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Monocyte functions-- Where are they found? |
in organs that remove or contain foreign invaders, damage/old blood cells, and cellular debris (liver, spleen, lung, lymph nodes) |
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Monocyte functions-- What does the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) include? |
monocyte and macrophages; acts as a trashman
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Where do they come from? |
same pluripotent stem cells |
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They are agranular. What does that mean? |
no granules |
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Lymphocytes-- Primary circulating WBC in... |
ruminants and pigs |
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Lymphocytes-- Do they have phagocytic capabilities? |
no |
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Lymphocytes-- Where do they reside? |
in lymphoid tissue |
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What are the 3 types? |
T-lymphocytes (T cells) B-lymphocytes (B cells) Natural killer cells (NK) cells |
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Where are they made? |
in the bone marrow |
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T-lymphocytes-- Where do they mature? |
in the thymus |
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T-lymphocytes-- After they are made and mature, where do they move to? |
secondary lymphatic organs |
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What are they responsible for? |
--cell-mediated immunity (intracellular antigen) --activating B cells |
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B-lymphocytes-- Where do they mature? |
in bone marrow |
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What do they travel through? |
lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid structures
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What are they responsible for? |
antibody production (produced in response to the antigen by the host) |
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B-lymphocytes-- What does each B cell produce? |
only one specific antibody type against one specific antigen (foreign protein)
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NK cells don't have to be activated by a specific antigen. They kill... |
virus infected and tumor cells |
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Memory cells-- Which cells can become memory cells? |
both T cells and B cells |
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Memory cells-- What are memory cells? |
clones of the original cell (lymphocytes) |
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Memory cells-- What do they allow? |
--long term or life long immunity to disease --faster, stronger immune resonse |
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Lymphatic system-- What is it? |
series of vessels/ducts |
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Lymphatic system-- What does it do? |
--carry excess interstitial tissue fluid (found in and around tissues) to blood vessels is near the heart where fluid is put back into the blood stream
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What else does it include? |
--lymph tissue scattered throughout the body (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils) --important for efficient response |
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What is lymph? |
fluid |
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What does it consist of? |
--blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) --nutrients (proteins, fats, etc) --hormones |
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How do some T cells circulate? |
from blood to interstitial fluid to lymph and back to blood blood-->interstitial fluid-->lymph-->blood |
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Where are B cells found? |
primarily in lymph tissues and rarely recirculate
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What are the 4 functions? |
--Removal of excess tissue fluid --Waste material transport --Filtration of lymph --Protein transport |
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What are they? |
small kidney bean shaped structures located at various points along the lymph vessels |
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Secondary lymph organ where... |
mature lymphocytes go |
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What is it? |
tongue-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen
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Spleen-- It is a secondary lymph organ and is the _____ lymphoid organ in the body. |
largest |
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What is it covered with? |
fibrous connective tissue capsule and smooth muscle
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Spleen-- What does it do? |
squeezes blood back into circulatory system
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what are the 4 functions? |
1) blood storage 2) removal of foreign material from circulation by the tissue macrophages 3) removal of dead, dying and abnormal red blood cells by the tissue macrophages 4) lymphocytes cloning during an immune response |
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What is it? |
Lymphoid organ located in the caudal neck and cranial thoracic region on either side of the trachea
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Thymus-- It is prominent in... |
young animals |
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Thymus-- Relied on heavily until... |
fully functioning immune system |
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Thymus-- Is it a primary lymph organ |
yes
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Thymus-- It is the site where what matures? |
T-cells
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What are they? |
nodules of peripheral lymphoid tissue |
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Tonsils-- Where are they found? |
close to mucosal surfaces all over the body (pharynx, larynx, intestine, and vagina)
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Tonsils-- What do tonsils in the pharyngeal region prevent? |
spread of infection into the respiratory or digestive tract |
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Are they primary or secondary lymph organs? |
secondary |
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Nonspecific immunity-- Is also called... |
inate |
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Mechanical barriers: |
--skin --mucus --flushing action of urine --movements of digestive tract |
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Chemical barriers: |
--hydrochloric acid in stomach --tears --sweat |
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Nonspecific immunity-- Inflammatory response: |
--tissue damage provokes release of chemical mediators (e.g. histamine) and other chemotactic factors |
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What are the 4 classic signs of inflammation? |
2) swelling 3) heat 4) pain (sometimes loss of function) |
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Phagocytosis by... |
neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages |
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Natural killer cells: |
inhibits and spread of viral infections |
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Nonspecific immunity-- What is interferon? |
protein produced by a cell after it has been infected
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What is complement? |
group of inactive enzymes (proteins) in plasma that can be activated to rupture the cell membrane of a foreign cell |
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What is IgG (Immunoglobulin-G)? |
antibody produced during secondary response to an antigen |
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Where is IgG (Immunoglobulin-G) found? |
in colostrum
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IgG (Immunoglobulin-G) is the only antibody that can cross the _______. |
placenta |
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What is IgM? |
Made during 1st or primary response to the antigen
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Where does IgM stay? |
in circulation; can't leave the blood vessels
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What is the only immunoglobulin that the fetus can make? |
IgM |
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What are IgA fluids? |
found in breast mild and also mucosal fluids |
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What is IgE? |
seen in allergic reponses |
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What is IgD? |
activates basophils and mast cells |
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What is IgD important for? |
the development of the immune systems |
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Passive immunity-- What is passive immunity? |
animal receives preformed antibodies
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Passive immunity-- Antibodies produced by a mother that are passed to a fetus _____________. |
transplacentally
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Passive immunity-- Ingestion of colostrum. What is colostrum? |
antibody rich first breast milk |
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Passive immunity-- Does NOT produce life long immunity. What is not made? |
memory cells |
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Active immunity-- What is active immunity? |
exposure to antigen that triggers animals own immune response |
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Active immunity-- What is produced? |
Memory, T- or B- cells
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Active immunity-- Produces long term/life long immunity. What is made? |
Memory cells |
