V540 Final Exam Chapters 1, 2, 3

Front 1

directions:
toward front
toward back
toward head
away from head
toward point of origin
away from point of origin

Back 1

anterior/ventral
posterior/dorsal
superior/cranial
inferior
proximal
distal

Front 2

vertical plane seperating left and right
vert plane seperating front/back
horizontal plane seperating superior/inferior

Back 2

sagital/medial
coronal/frontal
transverse/horizontal

Front 3

what is the strong spot like attachments between cells

Back 3

desmosomes

Front 4

communitcating junctions that allow cytoplasm to pass between the cells, allows directs intercellular communication

Back 4

gap junctions

Front 5

____ specialize to react to stimulus and conduct nerve impulses and ____ provide structural support

Back 5

neurons
neuroglia

Front 6

neural communicating fibers that recieve information are ____ and the ones that trasmit info is ____

Back 6

dendrite
axon

Front 7

neural glia that provide structure and nutrition ____, ones that produce myelin in CNS are _____, and the ones that posess phagocytic properties are ____

Back 7

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

Front 8

5 layers of the cornea from outer to inner

Back 8

epithelium
bowmans layer
stroma
descemets membrane
endothelium

Front 9

epithelium is 5-7 cells thick. outer two are ___ cells

Back 9

squamous

Front 10

___ ___ ___ is a condition charectorized by a failure of epithelium cells to attach to bowmans layer.

Back 10

recurrent corneal erosion

Front 11

in the stroma are collagen fibrils that run parrellel together to form bundles called ____

Back 11

lamellae

Front 12

___ are flattened cells that lie between or within the lamellae

Back 12

fibroblasts

Front 13

a thickened area of collagenous connective tissue at the membranes temination in the limbus

Back 13

schwalbe's line

Front 14

disruption to the endothelial mosaic can include endothelial cell loss or and increase of cell shape ____ or size _____

Back 14

pleomorphism
polymegathism

Front 15

endothelium can porduce mounds of basement membrane material, if in periphery its ___ ____ ___ and if in the central cornea its _____

Back 15

hassall-henle bodies
guttata

Front 16

the two corneal layers that do not regenerate

Back 16

bowmans layer
endothelium

Front 17

th excessive growth of blood vessles from the limbal vascular plexus into the cornea

Back 17

corneal neovascularization

Front 18

two layers of cornea that have no nerve endings

Back 18

descemets membrane
endothelium

Front 19

the sclera is metabolically inactive and is considered to be _____ since no capillary beds

Back 19

avascular

Front 20

this divides the iris into pupillary zone and ciliary zone

Back 20

collarette

Front 21

thinnest part of iris

Back 21

iris root

Front 22

condition where trauma causes iris root to tear away from ciliary body

Back 22

iridodialysis

Front 23

the sphincter muscle is innervated by the ____ system

Back 23

parasympathetic

Front 24

constiction of the pupil is called ____

Back 24

miosis

Front 25

surgical procedure where wedge is cut out iris to facilitate aqueous movement

Back 25

iridectomy

Front 26

procedure using a laser, does not cut sphincter muscle to allow aqueous flor

Back 26

iridotomy

Front 27

opening of the pupil is ___

Back 27

mydriasis

Front 28

an abnormal attachment of the iris surface to another structure

Back 28

iris synechia

Front 29

condition where there is build up of pressure in posterior chamber causing the iris to bow forward and create a total seal

Back 29

iris bombe

Front 30

an area of hyperpigmentation or accumulation of melanocytes in iris

Back 30

nevus (freckle)

Front 31

outermost layer of the choroid consisting of large vessels is ____ layer and the layer iwth medium vessels is ____, and the innermost layer of the choroid is ____ ____

Back 31

hallers
sattlers
bruch's membrane

Front 32

deposits in bruchs membrane in the inner collagenous zone can be seen as yellow white spots

Back 32

drusen

Front 33

most common cause of blindness in western countries

Back 33

age related macular degeneration

Front 34

all ten layers of the retina

Back 34

RPE
photoreceptor layer
external limiting membrane
outer nuclear layer
outer plexiform layer
inner nuclear layer
inner plexiform layer
ganglion cell layer
nerve fiber layer
internal limiting membrane

Front 35

two types of receptors and light level

Back 35

rods/dark
cones/bright

Front 36

where retinal detachment is most likely to occur

Back 36

between RPE and photoreceptors

Front 37

the inner retinal layers recieve nutrition from the ___ ___ ___

Back 37

internal retinal artery

Front 38

the ___ of the muller cell contributes to the internal limiting membrane

Back 38

endfoot

Front 39

____ ____ cone photoreceptors in the center of fovea have extra long axons to reach bipolar cells and horizontal

Back 39

henle fibers

Front 40

intracranial pressure can cause this to happen to optic disc

Back 40

papilladema

Front 41

found in 15-20% of pop. this is a vessel that enters the retina from the edge of the optic disc but its origin is from the choroidal vasculature

Back 41

cilioretinal artery

Front 42

in the lens all the fibers formed from mitosis in the germinative zone are called ____ _____ ____

Back 42

secondary lens fibers

Front 43

lens fiber cytoplasm contains a high concentration of protiens called ____

Back 43

crystallins

Front 44

the anterior fetal suture is ___ and the posterior suture is ____

Back 44

upright y
inverted y

Front 45

layers of the lens

Back 45

capsule
cortex
adult nucleus
fetal nucleus
embryonal nucleus

Front 46

____ is a reducing agent that detoxifies free radicals

Back 46

glutathione