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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pudendal nerve block palpated |
Ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament |
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Innervation of scrotum/labia and medial thigh is by |
Genitofemoral nerve |
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Injury during pfannestiel incision is caused by injury to which nerve |
Iliohypogastric nerve |
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Anterior and lateral thigh numbness after lithotomy positioning for delivery is caused by injury to which nerve |
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve |
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Deep inguinal ring is formed by opening of which layer |
Transversalis fascia |
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Superficial ring is formed by which layer |
External oblique aponeurosis |
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Spontaneous descent of testes into scrotum occurs by |
6months |
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Uncorrected cryptorchidism can result in |
Testicular cancer and infertility |
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Testicular torsion us caused by occlusion of which artery |
Gonadal artery-branch of abdominal aorta |
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In testicular torsion, twisting of spermatic cord results in compression of pampiniform plexus of testicular veins. |
Initially haemorrhagic infarction as the arteries are spared |
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The external iliad travels underneath the inguinal ligament to become |
Femoral artery |
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Internal iliac supplies which organs |
Pelvic wall/viscera, buttock, female reproductive organs, bladder and medial thigh |
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Urogenital and anal triangles are seperated by what |
Perineal body |
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Implantation of blastocyst occurs when |
6days after fertilization |
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When is beta hCG secreted after fertilization |
6-7days by syncyntiotrophoblast |
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Beta hCG is detectable in urine after how many days fertilization |
14days |
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Gametogenesis of primary oocytes arrest at what phase till puberty |
Prophase of meiosis 1 |
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Completion of meiosis 1 to form secondary oocytes during ovulatory cycle is due to stimulation by |
FSH |
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Secondary oocytes halts at what stage prior to ovulation and fertilization |
Metaphase 2 |
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TDF responsible for gonadal differentiation into testes is produced by |
SRY gene on chromosome Y |
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Leydig cells secrete which hormone |
Testosterone which causes formation of Male internal genitalia |
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MIF secreted by which cells |
Sertoli cells inhibits development of female internal genitalia |
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Male external genitalia in genetically female fetus (female pseudohermaphroditism) occur due to |
Androgen excess CAH with 21hydroxylase or 11 hydroxylase deficiency |
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Identical twins have |
Monochorionic diamniotic placenta |
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Dizygotic twins have |
Dichorionic diamniotic placenta |
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Epithelium type in ovary |
Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Epithelium type in fallopian tube |
Simple columnar epithelium- ciliated cells transport egg/embryo |
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Epithelium type in uterus |
Simple columnar epithelium |
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Epithelium type in cervix |
Ectocervix- stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized Endocervix- Simple columnar |
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Vagina epithelium |
Stratified squamous non keratinised |
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Histopathology findings in endometriosis shows deposits of |
Hemosiderin and endometrial glands/stroma |
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Heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, uniformly enlarged uterus |
Adenomyosis |
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Adenomyosis can be diagnosed definitely by |
Microscopic examination of hysterectomy specimen |
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Androgens synthesized in ovary are converted to estradiol by which cell type |
Granulosa cells |
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Koilocyte (irregular stained cytoplasm with perinuclear clearing) . Pyknotic nucleus found in |
HPV infection |
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HPV structure |
Double stranded, non enveloped DNA Predilection for skin and vagina/cervix |
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Intraepithelial neoplasia of cervical is caused by which HPV types |
16 (inhibit normal function of p53) and 18 |
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Greatest risk for developing CIN and cancer from HPV infection |
Smoking |
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FSH levels in menopause |
Elevated (reduced estrogen and inhibin) |
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Physiologic increase in insulin resistance occurs in which trimester |
2nd and 3rd trimester |
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Insulin resistance during pregnancy is due to which hormone |
Human placental lactogen (hPL) |
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hPL secreted by what |
syncyntiotrophoblast |
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hPL does what to pancreatic insulin production |
Stimulates |
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hCG alpha subunit similar to LH hence causes |
Stimulates LH surge by inducing ovulation |
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Menotropin causes |
Acts like FSH by triggering the formation of dominant ovarian follicle |
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Prolactin synthesis is stimulated by and inhibited by |
Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone Inhibited by progesterone |
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Functional layer of endometrium is called |
Stratum functionale- consists of lamina propria, studied with tubular glands, spiral arteries and dilated capillaries |
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Coiled glands, with large cytoplasmic vacuoles, glycogen rich mucus, edematous stroma and prominent spiral arteries extending to endometrial surface |
Secretory phase of menstrual cycle |
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Cuboidal granulosa cells in sheets or cords, yellow theca cells. Call exner bodies (cells in Rosetta pattern) |
Granulosa-theca |
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Granulosa theca ovarian sex cord tumors present with |
Hyperestrogenism (endometrial hyperplasia, precocious puberty) |
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Hyperadrogenism (amenorrhea, hirsutism, deepening voice, Male pattern baldness, acne) found in what type of ovarian sex cord tumors |
Sertoli-leydig |
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Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix arises at |
Squamocolumnar junction of endocervix. |
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Condylomata acuminatum caused by HPV strain |
6,11 |
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Viral oncogenes of HPV are |
E6- inhibits o54 E7- inhibits RB1 |
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Oncogenic strains of HPV mostly transmitted by |
Sexual contact Immunosuppression Cigarette smoking |
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Hormonal abnormalities in PCOS |
High LH Insulin resistance High androgen production |
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Treatment of PCOS with COC |
Minimize endometrial proliferation |
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Selective estrogen receptor modulator, prevents negative feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary, causing increased FSH and LH |
Clomiphine |
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Positive whiff test (amine odor with KOH), clue cells seen in |
Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis) |
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Thin, off white discharge with fishy odour. No inflammation |
Gardnerella vaginalis |
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Treatment of bacteria vaginalis |
Metronidazole or Clindamycin |
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Thin, yellow green malodorous, frothy discharge. Vaginal inflammation |
Trichimonas vaginalis |
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Treatment of trichomoniasis |
Metronidazole |
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Thick cheese/cottage discharge . Vaginal inflammation |
Candida vaginitis |
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Lab diagnosis of candida vaginitis |
Pseudohyphae |
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Transient hypoglycemia in neonates of diabetic mothed is due to |
High glucose levels which crosses the placenta. Maternal insulin not able to cross placenta. Compensatory rise in fetal insulin production and islet cell hyperplasia resulting in fetal macrosomia |
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Risk factors for cervical cancer |
HPV infection STIs Early onset of sexual activity Multiple or high risk sexual partners Immunosuppression Hx of vaginal or vulvar cancer Low socioeconomic status Tobacco use |
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Ductal carcinoma insitu (DCIS) types |
Comedocarcinoma Solid cribriform Papillary Micropapillary |
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Palpable nodularity, lesion composed of ducts distended by pleomorphic cells with central necrosis. Does not extend beyond ductal basal membrane |
DCIS (comedocarcinoma) |
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Solid sheets of vesicular, pleomorphic, mitotically active cells with significant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate |
Medullary carcinoma |
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Shortness of breath, recent episode of hemoptysis. Vaginal bleeding after vaginal delivery. Lab studies show markedly increased beta hCG levels. Bilateral lung nodules on chest xray |
Gestational choriocarcinoma |
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Disuliram like reaction found after taking alcohol in patients taking which drug |
Metronidazole |
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Adverse effect of tamoxifen |
Endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma Venous thromboembolism |
