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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of elderly femur fractures and which one causes femoral head aseptic necrosis?
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1) Petrochanteric fracture - no femoral head blood supply disruption
2) Subscapular / Subcapital fracture - aseptic necrosis d/t disrupting branches of medial circumflex femoral artery (the retinacular arteries) |
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What is the best auscultation sign of MV stenosis severity? What is the best diagnostic tool?
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The interval from A2 to the Opening Snap (OS).
Dx is using 2D echo |
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What are common symptoms and what is diagnostic for Mesothelioma?
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Syx:
1) Dyspnea 2) Chest pain (d/t hemorrhagic pleural effusions and pleural thickening → restrictive dz) Dx = EM showing long microvilli and numerous tonofilaments |
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What is the rate limiting step of the urea cycle and what is the essential activator?
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CPS1 = carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
Essential activator = NAG (n-acetyl glutamate) (made from glutamate and acetyl-CoA by NAGSynthase) |
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What are the major symptoms of Huntington disease and what parts of the brain / neurotransmitters are involved?
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Syx: HD =
1) H-yperkinetic (Chorea) 2) D-epression / D-ementia (and other neuro changes like aggression) Affects Striatal nuclei (caudate, putamen, globus palladus) CAG repeats: C-audate loses: - A-Ch - G-ABA |
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What testing should be conducted before starting tx with etanercept?
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PPD
anti-TNFα |
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What testing should be conducted before starting tx with MTX?
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LFT's
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What are some DMARDS and what testing should be done before starting them as therapy?
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MTX, leflunomide = LFT's
Hydroxychloroquine = Baseline & f/u ophthalmic (d/t retinal damage) |
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What testing should be conducted before starting tx with amiodarone?
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- Pulmonary function
(d/t pulmonary fibrosis) - LFT's (P450 inhibitor) - TFT's (hypothyroid) K+ channel blocker (Class III anti-arrhythmic) |
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What is the most common urea cycle disorder and what is the consequence?
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Ornithine transcarboamoylase deficiency.
Carbamoyl phosphate can't be combined w/ ornithine to make citrulline. The buildup of carbamoyl phosphate gets converted to orotic acid (see pyrimidine synth) and is excreted in urine. Buildup of ammonia → neuro symptoms |
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What is Thayer-Martin culture?
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It's a culture for Neisseria (gonorrhea & meningitides).
aka VPN for: -Vancomycin (gram +) -Polymyxin (gram -) -Nystatin (fungi) (also has TMP for Proteus) |
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What histology is unique to the duodenum?
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Submucosa = brunner's glands
- secrete alkaline mucus → crypts of Lieberkuhn Histo is simple columnar w/: - goblet cells - APUD (amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation) cells |
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What are APUD cells?
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Group of cells that take up amine precursors and decarboxylate them.
Amine Precursor Uptake & Decarboxylation |
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What are the circulatory effects of low dose, slightly higher, and high doses of dopamine?
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Low = D1 → Gs in renal vasculature → vasodilation
Low (slightly higher) = +ß1 → Gs in heart → ↑ CO High = α1 → Gq in periphery (↑SVR → ↓CO) |
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What is a treatment of acute gouty attacks that has GI side effects?
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Colchicine
Binds tubulin and inhibits MT polymerization → disrupts phagocytosis & chemotaxis |
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What is the treatment for leprosy?
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Tx of Mycobacterium leprae depends on the form of illness:
1) Tuberculoid = Dapsone (& maybe Rifampin) 2) Lepromatous = Daspone, Rifamipin, & Clofazimine |
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What are 2 things identified w/ PAS? (micro & genetic dz)
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1) Whipple's disease (tropheryma whippelii)
2) α1-Anti-Trypsin (A1AT) Deficiency (inclusions in hepatocytes) "Angel-α, please PASs the sugar" |
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What are the characteristics of Crohn's Dz?
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a FAT GRANny and an old CROHw SKIPPING down a COBBLE-STONE road away from the wRECk:
1) "creeping FAT" 2) GRANulomas (non-caseating) 3) COBBLE = cobblestone mucosa (gross) 4) STONE = gallstones d/t biliary wasting (terminal ileum involvement) 5) wRECk = rectal sparing |
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What hormones operate using nuclear receptors?
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1) TH
2) PPAR 3) Retinoids 4) FA's |
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What hormones operate using cytoplasmic receptors?
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cyTOplAsm:
- T = testes (androgens) - O = ovaries (estrogens) - A = adrenals (GC's, MC's, androgens) |
