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95 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Name the two divisions of the nervous system:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
(blank) are extensions of neurons that transmit impulses toward the cell body.
Dendrites
(blank) are extensions of neurons that transmit impulses away the cell body.
Axons
The "wrapping" cells that cover dendrites and axons and used to insulate them from each other is called:
Schwann cells
The layers of schwann cell membrane wrapping are called myelin sheath.
myelin sheath
The spaces betwen adjacent Schwann cells, or segments of teh myuelin sheath are called (blank).
nodes of Ranvier
The nuclei and cytoplasm of the schwann cells are outside the myelin sheath and are in this space (blank). Without this part of the cell, there can be no repairs. The absence of this part of the cell is why nerve damage is permenant in the cns.
neurolemma
Why doesn't the spinal cord regenerate when it is severed?
Because there is no schwann cells and with no schwann cells present, there is no neurolemma to direct the regeneration of neurons.
The small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron is called the "blank).
synapse
The regeneration of an electric impulse across the synapse is innitiated by the release of a (blank 1) that crosses the synapse and combines with (blanks 2).
1. neurotransmitter
2. receptor sites
Acetylcholine is a (blank).
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholinesterase (aka cholinesterase) is a (blank).
inactivator of acetylcholine.
Dopamine,acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are examples of (blank).
neurotransmitters
The suffix "glia" means (blank) and the suffix "ase" such as in acetylcholinesterase indicates (blank).
glue
innactivator enzyme
The cell is in a state of (blank) when the sodium gates are 'popping' open.
Depolarization
The cell is in a state of (blank) when the potassium (k+) are popping open.
Repolarization
When there are more Na+ ions outside the cell membrane, the cell has a relative (blank) charge.
negative
A stimulus such as a neurtransmitter makes the cell membrane very permeable to Na+ ions. This brings about (blank).
depolarization
Depolarization changes the relative charge of the cell to:
negative
Repolarization is the transition process of the cell returning to it's relative (blank) charge.
positive
Depolarization followed by repolarization is referred to as being a (an):
action potential
ATP is used for energy as an active transport mechanism to return the cell to it's original state. This "mechanism" is commonly called the (blank).
sodium/potassium pump
The sodium potassium pump moves (blank) ions back into the cell for every (blank) ions it moves back out of the cell.
2 k+ ions into the cell
3 Na+ ions out of the cell
Name the three groups that neurons are classified by:
Sensory, Motor and interneurons
(Blanks type of neurons) are found only in the central nervous system.
Interneurons
(Blank) neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
Motor
(Blank) neurons carry impulses from receptors to the CNS.
Sensory
A group of axons and /or dendrites of many neurons, with blood vessels and connective tissue is a (blank).
Nerve
Sensory nerves are made only of (blank) neurons.
sensory
Motor nerves are made only of (blank) neurons.
motor
Autonomic nerves are (blank) nerves.
motor
(Blank) nerves contain both motor and sensory nerves.
Mixed
Most of our peripheral nerves such as the sciaticnerves in the legs are (blank) nerves.
mixed
Also known as "white matter" due to the myelin sheaths, these groups of neurons within the central nervous system is termed (blank).
nerve tract
How many pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain stem or other parts of teh brain?
12
The (blank) nerve is responsible for movement of teh eyeball, constriction of the pupil in the bright light and for near vision.
oculomotor
The vegus nerve is responsible for:
Sensory in cardiac, respiratory, blood pressure reflexes, decreases heart rate, contraction of alimentary tube (peristalsis) and increases digestive secretions.
What is paristalsis?
movement through the intestines.
What is the importance of "stretch reflexes"?
It helps keep us up right without having to think about it. It happens automatically and is a spinal cord reflex.
What are "Three-neuron reflexes" and how do they work?
Three-neuron reflexes are called "flexor reflexes". They synaps with interneurons which in turn synapse with motor neurons. This causes you to pull back from a hot stove before having to involve conscious thinking - thus making it a quicker more protective response.
What is the reflex arc?
1. Receptors detect
2. Sensory neurons transmit
3. Central nervous system sorts it out at the synapse (may include interneurons)
4. motor neurons transmit to effector
5. Effector performs response
Describe the ventricles of the brain?
Four cavities which contain capillary network wich forms cerebrospinal fluid from blood plasma.
Describe the medulla:
Located as the lower part of the brain stem, the medulla is responsible for: regulating heart rate, vassel diameter (blood pressure) and respiratory. It also has the reflex centers for caughing, sneezing, swalling, and vomiting.
Describe the Pons:
The Pons are located just above the medulla in the brain stem. There are two respiratory centers in the pons that work with the medulla to produce normal breathing.
Describe the Midbrain:
Located posteriorly and superiorily to the pons in the brain stem, the 'midbrain' includes visual and auditory reflexes. Also concerned with "righting' reflexes that keep your head upright and maintain equilibrium.
What are visual and auditory reflexes?
Visual: when you see something coming at you and you duck automatically.

Auditory: When you hear something and you turn your head toward the sound automatically.
Describe the cerebellum:
Cerebellum means "little brain" and is located just below the occipital lobe. Concerned with movements including coordination, regulation of muscle tone, appropriate trajectory and endpoint of movements, posture adn equilibrium. It functions below the level of conscious thought. The cerebellum utilizes information provided bny receptors in the inner ears to regulate equilibrium.
Describe the cerebrum:
The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain and separates us from animals due to it's extensive folds that allows for the presence of millions more neurons. The cerebral cortex is devided into lobes.
The surface of the cerebrum is called the (blank)
cerebral cortex
Name the lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Frontal lobes, Parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.
What are the primary responsibilities of the frontal lobes?
generate impulses for voluntary movement. Left motor area controls right side of body and right frontal controls left side of body. Controls movement of the mouth (usually L frontal lobe) for speaking.
What are the primary responsibilities of the parietal lobes?
Receives impulses from receptors in the skin and feel and interpret the cutaneous sensations. (left for right and vise versa) Also, taste and stretch receptors in conscious muscle sense.
What are the primary responsibilities of the temporal lobes?
Auditory from the inner ear for hearing. Olfactory for sense of smell and thought that precedes speech.
What are the primary responsibilities of the Occipital lobes?
Sight and interpretation of what we see. spctial relationships and judging distance and seeing three dimensional.
Name the meninges beginning with the outside going in.
Dura mater - thick outer layer made of fibrous connective tissue.

Arachnoid- web-like strands of connective tissue.

Pia mater- The innermost very thin membrane on the surface of teh spinal cord and brain.
A resting neuron not carrying an impulse is said to be (blank).
polarized
How is the sodium / potassium pump activated?
ATP
What direction do sensory neurons carry impulses?
Toward the CNS
What direction do motor neurons carry impulses?
Away from the CNS
Axons and Dendrites wrappen in connective tissue with blood vessels is called a (blank).
Nerve
There are two types of reflexes; what are they?
Stretch and flexor
Where are VS regulated?
medulla
What controls respiratory rhythm?
Pons
Where is visual and auditory reflexes processed?
midbrain
Where is balance and coordination processed?
cerebellum (little brain)
Where do we "really shine" as an organism?
cerebrum (many folds that allow for many more neurons separate us from the rest of the animals)
Stroke pt. has trouble walking, where did the stroke occur?
frontal lobe; this is where voluntary movement and the motor portion of speech is controlled.
What area of the brain tells us a kitten is soft?
parietal lobe
What area processes smell?
temporal
What area processes sight?
occipital
Charactistic of sensation that creates phantom pain?
projection
Some sensations are felt more that others; what is that called?
intensity
Current sensation compared to a previous one?
contrast
Becoming unaware of a sensation over a period of time experiencing it?
adaptation
A sensation remaining in your conscious even after it has stopped (such as a flash from a camera)?
after image
What determines the presence of light?
rods
What determines the presence of color?
cones
Where are the receptors for sound located?
cochlea; in the inner ear
Connective tissue membrain around the heart?
paricardium
What type of fluid exists between the layers of the paricardium?
serous membrane
What's the purpose of serous fluid.
lubrication
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
tricuspid
Vavle between the right ventricle and pulminary artery?
Pulminary valve (semilunar)
The valve between L atrium and L ventricle?
Mitral vavle
Valve between the L ventricle and aorta?
Aortic valve
Cardiac output=
Stroke volume x Heart Rate
How does stretch affect cardiac output and what is this called?
More stretch=more output
Starlings Law
What's the outside layer of heart muscle?

What's the middle layer of heart muscle?

What's the inside layer of heart muscle?
Epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
Normal pacemaker of the heat?
S A node
Pathway between the nodes:
intranodal
All of the pathways through the atria lead to the:
AV node
Chemical that slows the HR.
acetylcholine
Chemical that speeds up the HR.
Norepinepherine
Part of the brain that controls HR and BP:
medulla
Chemical that slows the HR.
Acetylcholine