Utsw (Medical) Allergies And Anaphylaxis

Front 1

The body produces (blank) to destroy invading, pathogens, antigens and malignancies.

Back 1

antibodies

Front 2

Name the three types of immunity:

Back 2

Natural immunity which passes through the mothers antibodies.
Acquired Immunity which is long term and develops as a result to exposure to certain diseases.
Artificial: acquired through immunizations.

Front 3

What are "T" lymphocytes and what do they do?

Back 3

T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCR). The abbreviation T, in T cell, stands for thymus, since this is the principal organ responsible for the T cell's maturation.

Front 4

Small white blood cells that form antibodies after exposure to an antigen are called (blank).

Back 4

"B" lymphocytes

Front 5

The immunoglobulin responsible for releasing histamine and other the chemicals that cause allergic and anaphylactic reactions is:

Back 5

IgE

Front 6

Another name for "antibodies" is:

Back 6

immunoglobulins

Front 7

Which antibody is released due to the presence of allergens?

Back 7

IgE

Front 8

What are the most common causes of anaphylaxis?

Back 8

1. Medicines
2. Insects

Front 9

Histamine is released from (blank) cells.

Back 9

mast

Front 10

What aspect of annaphyaxis causes abdominal pain and diahrria?

Back 10

Smooth muscle spasms cause abdominal cramping, diahrria and broncho spasms.

Front 11

What happens in an allergic reaction?

Back 11

In an allergic reaction—the immune system’s hypersensitivity reaction to usually harmless foreign substances (called antigens in this context) that enter the body—mast cells release histamine in inordinate amounts. Immune system proteins called antibodies, which are bound to mast cells, bind to the antigens to remove them, but in the process the mast cells are stimulated to release their histamines. This causes the visible symptoms of a localized allergic reaction, including runny nose, watery eyes, constriction of bronchi, and tissue swelling.
Histamine also contributes to generalized allergic conditions such as anaphylaxis, a severe, immediate, and often fatal response to exposure to a previously encountered antigen.
Histamine works by binding to histamine receptors on the surface of cells. Antihistamines block those receptors.

Front 12

(Blank) is an itch or a sensation that makes a person want to scratch.

Back 12

pruritus

Front 13

Facial swelling is called:

Back 13

Angioedema is the rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue,[1] mucosa and submucosal tissues. (UTSW defines it as "facial swelling"). It is very similar to urticaria, but urticaria, commonly known as hives, occurs in the upper dermis.[1]Angioedema: Apart from the common form, mediated by allergy, it has been reported as a side effect of some medications, in particular ACE inhibitors.

Front 14

Death that occurs in anaphylaxis is usually caused by (blank and blank)

Back 14

Airway obstruction and low resistance shock.

Front 15

Benadryl blocks (blank) but won't reverse dyspnea or shock.

Back 15

histamine receptors

Front 16

Why can't an allergic reaction occur at first exposure to an antigen?

Back 16

Because the body must first over react and mistake a harmless substance for a threatening one. After this happens, it releases IgE antibodies which attach themselves to mast cells and await the NEXT exposure of the same harmless substance to enter the body. When the "allergen/antigen is encountered again, histamine and other chemicals are released from the mast cells - these chemicals create the s/s of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.

Front 17

What are the routes of entry for allergens?

Back 17

Injected, absorbed, ingested, inhaled.

Front 18

What are the three main reactions histamine has on the body.

Back 18

1. Smooth muscle spasms and contractions. 2. Vessel dilation. 3. Capillary permeability.

Front 19

During allergic reaction and anaphylaxis, smooth muscle relaxing causes these harmful and dangerous effects on the body.

Back 19

Bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction, and abdominal cramping and diarrhea.

Front 20

Four reactions due to allergic reaction and/or anaphylaxis are:

Back 20

1. Vessel Dilation causing decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased pre-load, after-load, stroke volume, cardiac output and BP, low resistance shock, red, flushed skin from superficial capillary dilation. 2. Increased capillary permeability causing urticaria, angioedema, edema of upper airway, throat, tongue, laryngeal edema and hypotension. 3. Stimulates production of gastric, nasal and lacrimal secretions causing itchy watery eyes, increased salivary, intestinal, nasal, and bronchial secretions. 4. Stimulates secsory nerve endings causing pruritis and hot burning sensations.

Front 21

(Blank) reverses bronchoconstriction, peripheral vasodilation and capillary permeability.

Back 21

Epinephrine

Front 22

(Blank) blocks histamine receptor sites and stops the continuation of the reaction.

Back 22

Benadryl

Front 23

Decadron, Solu-Medrol and methylprednisolone are all (blanks) and are useful for treating allergic reactions by:

Back 23

Steroids

Suppressing inflammatory response. relaxing bronchial smooth muscles, stabilizing mast cells, and decreasing capillary permeability. (often tested on NREMT)

Front 24

Cellular immunity

Back 24

Special leukocyytes called "t" lymphocytes fight infections due to biological agents such as tuberculosis, pneumonia etc.

Front 25

The immunity that is associated with allergic responses and is derived from "B" lymphocytes is called:

Back 25

Humoral immunity: It results in the formation of special proteins called antibodies after exposure to an antigen.

Front 26

Any substance that when introduced into the body and causes the formation of antibodies is called a/an (blank).

Back 26

antigen

Front 27

When peanuts or other typically harmless substances enter the body and an are incorrectly identified by the body as harmful invaders, they become "antigens" and cause the production of harmful antibodies which cause an overreaction called: (blank and blank)

Back 27

allergic reaction and anaphylaxis.

Front 28

The normally protective substances formed in the body as a result of contact with an antigen is called a/an:

Back 28

antibody

Front 29

During times of allergy or anaphylaxis, (blanks) overreact and become harmful to the body.

Back 29

antibodies

Front 30

Final look at allergic reaction and anphylaxis: "in a nut shell - as I see it"

Back 30

A typically unharmul substance such as a peanur or medication enters the body via inhalation, ingestion, injection or absorption. The body (for some unknown reason), incorrectly identifies it as a harmful substance and labels it forever as an antigen. At this point, it becomes an "antigen" forever. It could be a peanut, medicine or any other substance that the body misinturprets. The "antigen" then causes the body to produce antibodies which attack the antigens and attach themselves to mast cells and await another
"invasion" of the "antigen" in the future. When the peanut (now and forevermore identified by the body as an "antigen") enters the body again, the antibodies signal the mast cells to produce histamine which causes capillary dilation, permiability and smooth muscle spasms and constriction. Thus allergic reaction and/or anaphylaxis. (in a nut shell)