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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Steps in protein synthesis?
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Initiation, elongation, termination.
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Protein synthesis: Initiation.
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A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and stars to code the FMet codon (AUG, GUG or UUG).
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Protein synthesis: Elongation.
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tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid to each codon as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand.
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Protein synthesis: Termination.
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Reading of the final mRNA codon which ends the synthesis of the peptide chain and releases it.
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What are the protein post translational modifications?
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Trimming, Covalent alterations, proteasomal degradation.
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Posttranslational modification: Trimming.
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Removal of N- or C- terminal pro-peptides from zymogens togenerate mature proteins.
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Posttranslational modification: Covalent alterations.
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Phosphorylation, Glycosylation, Hydroxylation.
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Posttranslational modification: Proteosomal degradation.
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Attachment of ubiquitin to defective proteins to tag them for break down.
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Enzyme regulation methods?
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Enzyme concentration alterations, covalent modification, proteolytic modification, allosteric regulation, pH, temperature and transcriptional regulation.
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What are the cell cycle phases?
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G1, S phase, G2, Mitosis.
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What are the cells that remain in the G0 phase and regenerate from stem cells?
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Neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscles, RBCs.
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What are the cells that enter the G1 state from G0 when stimulated?
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Stable cells: Hepatocytes, Lymphocytes.
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What are the cells that never go to G0 and divide rapidly with a short G1?
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Labile cells: Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles.
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Where in the cell are N-Linked oligosaccharides added to proteins?
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RER.
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What do Nissl-bodies synthesize?
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Enzymes and peptide neurotransmitters.
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Cells rich in RER?
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Mucus secreting goblet cells of the small intestine and anti-body secreting plasma cells.
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Cell site where steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons take place?
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SER.
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Cells rich in SER?
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Hepatocytes, steroid hormone producing cells of the adrenal cortex are rich in cells.
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Failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosome proteins, enzymes are secreted outside the cell instead of being targeted to the lysosome.
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I-cell desease also refered to as mucolipidosis II (ML II).
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Coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes. Often fatal in children.
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I-cell disease.
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Kartagener's syndrome.
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Immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect. Results in male and female infertility, bronchiectasis and recurrent sinusitis.
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Plasma membrane composition?
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Asymmetric fluid bilayer. Cholesterol 50%, phospholipids 50%, sphingolipids, glycolipids and proteins.
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Major component of RBC membranes, of myelin, bile and surfactant.
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Phosphatidylcholine.
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Where is the ATP site on a sodium pump?
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Cytoplasm side.
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How many K and how many Na does a sodium pump move for each ATP?
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3 Na+ go out and 2 K+ come in.
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How does Ouabain work?
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Inhibits the sodium pump. Binds to K+ site.
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What drugs inhibit the Na+ K+ ATPase causing an increase in cardiac contractility.
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Cardiac glycosides.
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