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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Limiting reagent in ethanol metabolism?
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NAD+
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What does alcohol dehydrogenase do?
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Converts Ethanol to acetaldehyde.
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What does acetaldehyde dehydrogenase do?
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Converts acetaldehyde to acetate.
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Hepatocellular steatosis mechanism in alcoholics?
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Ethanol metabolism causes the NADH/NAD+ ratio to go up causing diversion of pyruvate to lactate and oxaloacetate to malate thereby inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Also this elevated NADH/NAD+ ratio inhibits glycolysis and stimulates fatty acid synthesis.
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What histones form the nucleosome core?
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H2A, H2B, H3, H4
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Histone H1 function?
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Does not make the nucleosome bead/core. It sits on top of the structure, keeping in place the DNA that was wrapped around the nucleosome.
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Is Heterochromatin transcriptionally active?
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No.
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Is Euchromatin transcriptionally active?
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Yes.
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What nucleotides have 1 ring?
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Adenine and Guanine.
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What nucleotides have 2 rings?
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Uracil, Cytosine and Thymine.
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How many hydrogen bonds compose the G-C bond?
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3 hydrogen bonds.
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How many hydrogen bonds compose the A-T bond?
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2 hydrogen bonds.
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Which bond melts at a higher temperature the A-T bond or the G-C bond?
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G-C bond.
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What are the amino acids necessary for purine synthesis?
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Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine.
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Nucleotides (base + ribose + phosphate) are linked by?
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3' to 5' phosphodiester bond.
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Substituting purine for purine and pyrimidine for pyrimidine.
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TransItion
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Substituting purine for pyrimidine or vise versa.
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TransVersion
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What are the generic code features?
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Unambiguous, Degenerate/Redundant, Commaless non-overlapping, Universal.
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Why is the generic code unambiguous?
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Each codon specify only one amino acid.
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Why is the generic code degenerate/redundant?
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More than one codon may code for the same amino acid.
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Why is the generic code commaless, non-overlapping?
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Read from a fixed starting point as a continuous sequence of bases.
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Why is the generic code universal?
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Genetic code is conserved throughout evolution.
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What are the mutations in DNA?
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Silent, Missense, Nonsense, Frame shift.
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What is a DNA silent mutation?
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Mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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What is a DNA missense mutation?
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A point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
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What is a DNA nonsense mutation?
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A point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon.
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What is a DNA frame shift mutation?
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Mutation caused by insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three.
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Genome has multiple origins of replication.
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Eukaryotic DNA replication.
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Single origin of replication, continuous bidirectional DNA synthesis on leading strand and discontinuous on leading strand.
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Prokaryotic DNA replication.
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Create a nick in the helix to relieve super coils.
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DNA topoisomerases.
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Makes a RNA primer on which DNA polymerase III can initiate replication.
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Primase.
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Elongates the chain by adding deoxynucleotides to the 3' end until it reaches primer of preceding fragment. 3' -> 5' exonuclease activity proofreads each added nucleotide.
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DNA polymerase III.
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Degrades RNA primer and fill in the gap with DNA.
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DNA polymerase I.
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Links together two DNA strands that have double strand break.
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DNA ligase.
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