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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hst-1 & int-2
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ca of stomach, breast, bladder, melanoma - via overexpression of fibroblast growth factors
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sis
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astrocytoma via overexpression of PDGF
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erb-B1
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SCC of lung via overexpression of GFR
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erb-B2
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breast, ovary, lung via amplicification of EGFR (her2-neu, herceptin sensitive)
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erb-B3
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breast ca via overexpression of EGFR
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ret
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MEN II and III, medullary thyroid ca via point mutation in Glial neurotrophic factor R.
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abl
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CML and ALL via t(9:22) bcr-abl fusion with TK activity
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Ki-ras
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lung, pancreas, colon ca via point mutation in GTP binding protein
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c-myc
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burkitt lymphoma via t(8:14) nuclear regulatory protein
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L-myc
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SCC of lung via amplification of nuclear reg protein
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N-myc
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neuroblastoma via amplification of nuclear reg protein
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cyclin D
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mantle cell lymphoma via t(11:14) cyclin protein
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CDK4
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melanoma, GBM via amplification of cylin dependent kinase
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what does p53 do?
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prevents a DNA damaged cell from entering S-phase
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what does Rb do?
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prevents a cell from entering S-phase until the appropriate growth signals are present.
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Germ line mutation of Rb on ch. 13
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familial retinoblastoma: high rate of retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
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Germ line mutation of p53 on ch. 17
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Li-Fraumini syndrome: high rate of many tumors
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VHL
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3p25: von Hippel Lindau dx, renal cell carcinoma
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WT-1
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11p13: wilms tumor
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WT-2
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11p15: wilms tumor
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Rb
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13q14: retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
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p53
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17p13.1: lung, breast, colon, others
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BRCA-1
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17q12-21: hereditary breast and ovarian ca
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BRCA-2
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13q12-13: hereditary breast cancer (only breast)
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APC
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5q21: adenomatous polyps and colon ca
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DCC
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18q21: colon cancer
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NF-1
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17q11.2: neurofibroma
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NF-2
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22q12: acoustic neuroma, meningioma
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DPC
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18: pancreatic cancer
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what does bcl-2 do?
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prevents apoptosis
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t(14:18)
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follicular lymphoma - bcl2:Ig heavy chain = overexpression of bcl-2 (no apoptosis)
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what do bax, bad, bcl-xS, and bid do?
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promote apoptosis
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what does c-myc do?
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promotes cellular proliferation, leads to apoptosis when associated with p53 but inhibits apoptosis when associated with bcl-2
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a tumor with keratin is likely a?
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carcinoma (epithelium)
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a tumor with vimentin is likely a ?
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sarcoma (mesenchymal cells)
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a tumor with desmin is likely of what origin?
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lieomyoma or rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
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a tumor with neurofilament is likely of what origin?
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pheochromocytoma or neuroplastoma (nervous tissue)
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a tumor with GFAP is likely of what origin?
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astrocytoma or ependyoma (glial cells)
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increased AFP indicates?
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hepatoma, nonseminoustaous testicular germ cell tumor, yolk sak tumor
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increased hCG indicates?
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trophoblastic tumor or choriocarcinoma
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CEA is a useful marker for what tumors?
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carcinomas of lung, pancreas, stomach, breast, and colon
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CA-125 is a useful marker for what tumor?
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ovarian cancer
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CA19-9 is a useful marker for what tumor?
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pancreatic cancer
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PAP is a useful marker for what tumor?
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seminoma
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PSA is a useful marker for what tumor?
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prostate cancer
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what two markers are useful for monitoring prostate cancer?
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PSA and prostatic acid phsophatase
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when might you see increased AFP?
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hepatoma, yolk sac tumor, twin pregnancy, or with a neural tube defect?
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in what circumstance would AFP be decreased?
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a pregnancy with downs syndrome
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neoplasms associated with Down syndrome?
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ALL, AML
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neoplasms associated with tuberous sclerosis?
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astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
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neoplasm associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)
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squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
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neoplasms associated with Paget's disease fo bone
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secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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neoplasm associated with immunodeficiency states
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malignant lymphoma
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neoplasms associated with AIDS
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aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) & Kaposi's sarcoma
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neoplasms associated with acanthosis nigricans
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visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
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abl
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CML (oncogene)
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c-myc
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Burkitt's lymphoma (oncogene)
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bcl-2
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follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis) (oncogene)
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erb-B2
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breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas (oncogene)
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ras
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colon carcinoma (oncogene)
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L-myc
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Lung tumor (oncogene)
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N-myc
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neuroblastoma (oncogene)
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ret
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MEN II & III (oncogene)
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Rb
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13q; retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma (tumor suppressor)
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BRCA1 and 2
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17q, 13q; breast and ovarian cancer (tumor suppressor)
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p53
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17p; most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (tumor suppressor)
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p16
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9p; melanoma (tumor suppressor)
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APC
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5q; colorectal cancer (tumor suppressor)
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WT1
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11q; Wilms' tumor (tumor suppressor)
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NF1
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17q; Neurofibromatosis type I (tumor suppressor)
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NF2
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22q; Neurofibromatosis type II (tumor suppressor)
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DPC
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18q; pancreatic cancer (tumor suppressor)
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DCC
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18q; colon cancer (tumor suppressor)
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PSA
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prostatic carcinoma
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CEA
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carcinoembryonic antigen; very nonspecific but produced by about 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas
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alpha-fetoprotein
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hepatocellular carcinomas; nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testes (e.g. yolk sac tumor)
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beta-HCG
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Hyatidiform mole, Choriocarcinomas, and Gestational trophoblastic tumors
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CA-125
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ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
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S-100
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melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
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alkaline phosphatase
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metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone
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bombesin
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neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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TRAP
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tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; hairy cell leukemia, a B cell neoplasm
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HTLV-1
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adult T cell leukemia
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HBV, HCV
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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EBV
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Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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HPV
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cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma
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HHV-8
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Kaposi's sarcoma, body cavity fluid B cell lymphoma
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aflatoxins
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liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
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vinyl chloride
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liver (angiosarcoma)
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CCL4
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liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
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nitrosamines
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esophagus, stomach
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asbestos
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lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
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arsenic
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skin (squamous cell carcinoma)
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naphthalene (analine) dyes
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bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
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alkylating agents
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blood (leukemia)
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t(9;22)
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CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
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t(8;14)
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Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
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t(14;18)
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follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
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t(15;17)
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M3 type of AML - responsive to all-trans retinoic acid
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t(11;22)
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Ewing's sarcoma
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t(11;14)
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mantle cell lymphoma
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cyst - distention of unruptured graafian follicle - may be associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia
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follicular cyst
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cyst - hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum; menstrual irregularity
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corpus luteum cyst
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cyst - often bilateral/multiple; due to gonadotropin stimulation; associated with choriocarcinoma and moles
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theca-lutein cyst
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most common malignant germ tumor of the ovaries
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dysgerminoma
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most common malignant germ tumor of testes
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seminoma
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sheets of uniform cells, increased hCG; increased risk wiht cryptorchidism; presents as painless testicular enlargemnt
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seminoma
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aggressive malignancy in ovaries, testes, sacrococcygeal area of young children; Schiller-Duval bodies, primitive glomeruli, increased AFP
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yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
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2nd most common testicular germ cell tumor; painful mass; glandular with papillary convolutions
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embryonal carcinoma
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what type of teratoma is malignant in females?
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immature
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what type of teratoma is malignant in males?
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mature - painful; can present with gynecomastia
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what does struma ovarii contain?
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functional thyroid tissue
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20% of ovarian tumors; frequently bilateral, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium; benign
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serous cystadenoma
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50% of ovarian tumors; malignant and frequently bilateral
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serous cystadenocarcinoma
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multilocular ovarian cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium; benign
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mucinous cystadenoma
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malignant ovarian tumor; pseudomyxoma peritonei - intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian or appendiceal tumor
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mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
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benign ovarian tumor that resembles bladder epithelium
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Brenner tumor
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triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
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Meigs' syndrome
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ovarian tumor that secretes estrogen, causing precocious puberty in kids; can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults; Call-Exner bodies
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granulosa cell tumo
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small follicles lined with eosinophilic secretions
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Call-Exner bodies
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benign testicular tumor containing Reinke crystals; androgen producing - gynocomastia in men & precocious puberty in boys
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Leydig cell tumor
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benign, androblastoma from sex cord stroma
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sertoli cell tumor
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most common testicular cancer in older men
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lymphoma
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fibrocystic breast disease showing hyperplasia of breast stroma
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fibrosis
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fibrocystic disease showing fluid filled cysts
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cystic
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fibrocystic disease with increased acini and intralobular fibrosis
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sclerosing
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fibrocystic disease showing increase in number of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule; increased risk of carcinoma with atypical cells; occurs >30 years
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epithelial hyperplasia
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most common benign breast tumor <25 years; small, mobile, firm mass with sharp eges
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fibroadenoma
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large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts; tumor may have leaflike projections; benign breast tumor
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cytosarcoma phyllodes
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benign tumor of lactiferous ducts - presents with nipple discharge
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intraductal papilloma
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early malignant breast tumor without basement membrane penetration
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ductal carcinoma in situ
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firm, fibrous mass; common malignant breast tumor
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invasive ductal, no specific type
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ductal breast cancer, with cheesy consistency due to central necrosis
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comedocarcinoma
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malignant breast tumor with lymphatic involvement & poor prognosis
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inflammatory
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fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate w/ good prognosis (malignant breast tumor)
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medullary
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eczematous patches on nipple
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Paget's disease of the breast
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large cells with clear halo
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Paget cells
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from where do malignant breast tumors arise?
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mammary duct epithelium or lobular glands
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