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75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Appearance of nucleous on micrograph
Nuclear envelope continous with RER; euchromatin is white; heterochromatin is dark; central area of nucleolus is light and has DNA not being transcribed; peripheral granular dark area of nucleoulus contains ribosomal precursors in different stages of assembly.
30nm solenoid chromatin fibers
Composes heterochromatin and its inactive. Nucleosomes plus H1 molecules
10nm solenoid chromatin fibers
Compose euchromatin and its active. Histone octamers (nucleosomes)
Nucleosome
Composed of lysine/arginine-rich histone octamers with negatively-charged DNA wrapped around it.
Nuclear lamina
In the inner side of the nuclear envelope. Phosphorylation of the lamina disassembles nucleus during prophase.
Function of the nucleus
Replication and transcription of DNA. Ribosomal 40S subunit synthesis and assembly.
Function of the nucleolus
rRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly of 60S subunits
Functions of RER
Synthesis of proteins destined to be secreted, lysosomes and cell membrane
Functions of SER
Detoxification reactions (steroid synthesis, hydroxylation via cytochrome P450, conjugation); Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; Lipid metabolism; sequestration of Ca+.
Functions of Golgi apparatus
Posttranslational modifications (acetylation, gamma-carboxylation) Formation of glycoproteins and oligossachride chains (phosphorylation of mannose oligosacchride residues and I-cell disease, insulinase cleaves proinsulin into insulin and C-peptide)
I-cell disease
No phosphorylation of mannose residues in oligossacchride chains of glycoproteins fails to direct hydrolases to lysosomes. They are secreted instead. Skeletal abnormalities, coarse facial features, mental retardation.
Functions of lysosomes
Contain acid hydrolases for degradation of diverse substances. Hydrolases are assembled in the RER and modified in the GA by phosphorylation of mannose residues.
Functions of peroxisomes
Synthesis and degradation of H2O2; Beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids; Bile acid synthesis.
Structure of mitochondria
Outer membrane (permeable); Inner membrane with cristae (impermeable, contain oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport enzymes); Matrix (contain dehydrogenases - pyruvate, fatty acids).
Function of mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport and generation of ATP, beta oxidation, part of the urea cycle and gluconeogenesis
Functions of microtubules
Chromosomal movement during meiosis and mitosis; Intracellular organelle transport (kinesin, dynein); cilliary and flagellar movement.
Chediak-Higashi
Defect of microtubule polymerization. Prevents phagocytosis (delayed phagosome-lysosome fusion), partial albinism (increased fusion of melanosomes in melanocytes), granule accumulation in NK cells and platelets.
Functions of microfilaments
Composed of actin. Local movements (polymerization/depolymerization) and sliding movements via interaction with myosin
Composition of the basement membrane
Type IV collagen, glycoproteins (laminin), proteoglycans (heparan sulfate)
Tight junctions (zonula occludens)
Fusion of opposed membranes in the apical borders. Seals off the intercellular space. Forms barriers in epithelium.
Zonula adherens
Basal to the tight junctions. Attaches adjacent epithelial cells.
Desmosomes (macula adherens)
Juxtaposed spot welds that originate within the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells and hold them together.
Gap junctions
Tubules that connect and allow pasage of ions between cells.
What are the apical surface specializations?
Microvilli, cilia, stereocilia
Functions of cilia
Propel fluid and substances in one direction, clear mucus from respiratory tract
Kartagener syndrome
Absent or defective dynein arms of cilia. Chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility, situs inversus.
Axon hillock
Interfase between neuron body and axon where depolarization begins.
Unmyelinated axons
In peripheral nerves, surrounded by Schwann cells, small diameter, slow conduction
Myelinated axons
Large diameter, fast conduction
Schwann cells
Myelinating cells of peripheral nervous system. Myelination begins in the fourth month.
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinating cells of CNS. Myelination begins in the 4th month until the 2nd decade of life. Degeneration of oligodendrocytes produces multiple sclerosis and demyelinating diseases.
Node of Ranvier
Unmyelinated segment in between myelinated segments of the axon. The action potential skips from node to node.
Astrocytes
Maintain the blood-brain barrier
Microglia
Derive from mesoderm and are phagocytes of the mononuclear system
Ependymal cells
Located in the ventricles, have cilia to move CSF.
Structure of the sarcomere
I band with Z line in between; A band with H band in between. H band contains thick myosin filaments. I band contains thin actin filaments. A band contains thick and thin filaments. H and I bands shorten during contraction.
Actin
Double helix component of thin filaments, has myosin crossbridges binding sites
Tropomyosin
Double helix component of thin filaments that run on actin filaments covering the myosin binding sites
Troponins
TnT binds tropomyosin; TnC binds calcium; TnI inhibits actin-myosin interaction. When calcium binds TnC, the troponin-tropomyosin complex moves and uncovers the actin binding sites for myosin crossbridges.
Myosin
Component of the thick filaments. Has a head and two tails. The head has ATPase activity and actin-binding sites to form crossbridges.
Lymph node cortex
B cells, follicles and germinal centers
Lymph node paracortex
Populated by T cells
Spleen white pulp
Surrounds arteries. Periarteriolar sheaths contain T cells and peripheral white pulp contains B cells and germinal centers.
Spleen red pulp
Is beyond the periarteriolar sheaths and contains macrophages that extract damaged erythrocytes from blood.
Layers of epidermis
Basale (columnar cells), spinosum (cuboidal), granulosum (flat), lucidum (flat anucleated), corneum (flat kertinized)
Keratinocytes
Produce keratin and have desmosomes. In pemphigus there are autoantibodies against keratinocyte desmosomes.
Melanocytes
Neural crest ectoderm derivatives. In dermis and epidermis produce melanin melanosomes.
Langerhans cells
Dendritic antigen presenting cells.
Merkel cells
Sensory cells with cathecolamine granules.
Pemphigus
Autoantibodies against keratinocyte desmosomes. Superficial blisters.
Psoriasis
Hyperplasia of basale and spinosum layers with increased turnonver and thickness. Produces descamation.
Albinism
Melanocytes won't produce melanin due to lack of tyrosinase. Increased risk of SCC and melanomas.
Vitiligo
Autoantibodies against melanocytes produce depigmentation
Bullous pemphigoid
Autoantibodies against hemidesmosomes in dermis/epidermis junction. Blisters and separation of dermis from epidermis.
Dermis
Derived from mesoderm. Supplies blood to epidermis and contains appendages.
Eccrine sweat glands
Most body parts, watery discharge, cholinergic innervation.
Apocrine sweat glands
Axila, areola and anal regions. Adrenergic innervation.
Sebaceous glands
Associated with hair follicles. Produce lubrication for hair and skin.
Cells of the respiratory nasal cavities
Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar with goblet cells, mucous and serous glands. The conchae increase surface area, warms up the air and is richly vascularized and innervated.
Cells of the olfactory nasal cavities
In the posterosuperior nasal cavity, has pseudostratified bipolar neuron which can divide. Bowman glands produces serous fluids that dissolve odorous substances
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal, maxillary (2), sphenoid and ethmoid
Type I pneumocytes
Line the alveoli lumen and constitutes the main cell of the blood-air interface
Type II pneumocytes
Cuboidal cells that sit on the basal lamina and produce surfactant to reduce alveolar surface tension.
Alveolar macrophages
On the surface of alveoli. Phagocytosis of foreign particles.
Esophagus histology
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Skeletal muscle in upper 1/3, smooth muscle in lower 1/3.
Barret's esophagus
Squamous-columnar metaplasia at gastro-esophageal junction due to acid-reflux disease
Cells of body and fundus of stomach
Mucous cells (secrete mucous, tight junctions); Chief cells (pepsinogen, lipase); Parietal cells (IF, HCl)
Cells of the pylorus
Mucous cells (mucous and tight junctions); Parietal cells.
Characteristics of duodenum
Brunner glands secrete alkaline secretions; Goblet cells secrete acid glycoproteins that protect mucosa; Paneth cells; EE cells secrete CCK and secretin.
Characteristics of jejunum
Brunner glands secrete alkaline secretions; Goblet cells secrete acid glycoproteins that protect mucosa; Paneth cells; EE cells secrete CCK and secretin.
Characteristics of ileum
Peyer patches are lymph aggregations; M cells endocytose antigen from lumen to lymphoid cells.
Layers of the digestive tract
From the lumen out: mucosa, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Parotid gland
Serous acinars secrete amylase. Innervated by IX
Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
Podocytes rest on basal lamina which is shared with the fenestrated capillary endothelium.
Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
Simple squamous epithelium continous with proximal tubule epithelium.