Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
source of energy for erythrocytes?
|
glucose (90% anaerobically degraded to lactate; 10% by HMP shunt)
|
|
|
densely basophilic granules containing heparin, histamine & other vasoactive amines, and leukotrienes (LTD-4)
|
basophil
|
|
|
where are mast cells found?
|
tissue
|
|
|
cells that mediate allergic reaction?
|
mast cells and basophils
|
|
|
what does cromolyn sodium prevent?
|
mast cell degranulation
|
|
|
cells that defend against helminthic and protozoan infections?
|
eosinophils
|
|
|
causes of eosinophilia?
|
NAACP:
|
|
|
|
neoplastic, asthma, allergic processes, collagen vascular diseases, parasites
|
|
|
when are hypersegmented neutrophils seen?
|
vitamin B12 deficiecncy
|
|
|
large, spherical, azurophilic primary granules that contain hydrolytic enzymes, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and lactoferrin
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
kidney-shaped nucleus; extensive 'frosted glass' cytoplasm; differentiates into macrophages in tissues
|
monocyte
|
|
|
off-center nucleus, clock-face chromatin distribution, abundant RER and well-developed Golgi
|
plasma cell
|
|
|
multiple myeloma is what type of neoplasm?
|
plasma cell
|
|
|
what are the main inducers of the primary antibody response?
|
dendritic cells
|
|
|
what is the role of tPA?
|
generates plasmin, which cleaves fibrin
|
|
|
what does PTT measure?
|
intrinsic pathway
|
|
|
what does PT measure?
|
extrinsic pathway
|
|
|
what initiates the intrinsic pathway?
|
factor XII
|
|
|
what initiates the extrinsic pathway?
|
factor VII
|
|
|
what do proteins C and S inactivate?
|
Va and VIIIa; dependent on vitamin K
|
|
|
waht does antithrombin III inactivate?
|
thrombin, IXa, Xa, XIa; activated by heparin
|
|
|
what usually has more prognostic value - stage or grade?
|
stage
|
|
|
degree of cellular differentiation based on histologic appearance of tumor?
|
grade
|
|
|
degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases, etc.
|
stage (S-spread)
|
|
|
macro-ovalocytes are seen in what?
|
megaloblastic anemia (also hypersegmented PMNs), marrow failure
|
|
|
helmet cells and schistocytes are seen when?
|
DIC, traumatic hemolysis
|
|
|
teardrop cells are seen when?
|
myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis
|
|
|
acanthocytes are seen when
|
spiny appearance in abetalipoproteinemia
|
|
|
when are target cells seen?
|
HALT: HbC disease, asplenia, liver disease, thalassemia
|
|
|
what are poikilocytes & when are they seen?
|
nonuniform shapes in TTP/HUS, microvascular damge, DIC
|
|
|
when are Burr cells seen?
|
TTP/HUS
|
|
|
etiologies of microcytic, hypochromic anemia?
|
iron deficiency, thalassemias, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemias
|
|
|
etiologies of macrocytic anemia?
|
megaloblastic - vit B12/folate deficiency: drugs that block DNA synthesis (sufla,AZT), marked reticulocytosis
|
|
|
causes of normocytic, normochromic anemia?
|
enzyme defects (G6PD, PK), RBC membrane defects (e.g. hereditary spherocytosis), bone marrow disorders (aplastic anemia, leukemia), hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell), anemia of chronic disease, AI hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
what do decreased serum haptoglobin and increased serum LDH indicate?
|
RBC hemolysis
|
|
|
causes of aplastic anemia?
|
radiation, benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, viral agents (parvovirus B19, EBV, HIV), Fanconi's anemia, idiopathic; may follow acute hepatitis
|
|
|
symptoms of aplastic anemia?
|
fatigue, malaise, pallor, purpura, mucosal bleeding, petechiae, infection
|
|
|
pancytopenia with normal cell morphology, hypocellular bone marrow with fatty infiltration
|
aplastic anemia
|
|
|
what is the HbS mutation?
|
single AA replacement in beta chain - substitution of normal glutamic acid with valine
|
|
|
therapies for sickle cell anemia?
|
hydroxyurea (increases HbF), bone marrow transplant
|
|
|
what percent of blacks carry the Hb trait? what percent have the disease?
|
8%, 0.2%
|
|
|
crew cut on skull x-ray?
|
sickle cell anemia, thalassemias - due to marrow expansion from increased erythropoeisis
|
|
|
what is the defect in beta thalassemia minor? major?
|
minor - heterozygote - beta chain is underproduced
|
|
|
|
major - homozygote - beta chain is absent
|
|
|
why does cardiac failure occur in thalassemia?
|
secondary hemochromatosis
|
|
|
marked erythrocytosis, moderate increase in granulocytes and platelets, splenomegaly, decreased epo?
|
polycythemia vera
|
|
|
labs in anemia of chronic disease?
|
decreased TIBC, increased ferritin, low serum iron
|
|
|
findings in hemolytic anemia?
|
increased serum bilirubin, increased reticulocytes (marrow compensating for anemia)
|
|
|
test for AI hemolytic anemia?
|
Coombs positive
|
|
|
chronic anemia seen in SLE, CLL, or with certain drugs (e.g. alpha methyldopa)
|
warm agglutinin (IgG)
|
|
|
anti-Ig Ab added to patient's RBCs agglutinate if RBCs are coated with IgG
|
direct Coombs' test
|
|
|
normal RBCs added to patient's serum agglutinate if serum has anti-RBC surface IgG
|
indirect Coombs' test
|
|
|
microvascular hemolysis seen in DIC, TTP/HUS, SLE, or malignant hypertension
|
microangiopathic anemia
|
|
|
what is seen on blood smear in microangiopathic anemia?
|
schistocytes (helmet cells)
|
|
|
what is increased in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?
|
urine hemosiderin
|
|
|
activation of coagulation cascade leading to microthrombi and global consumption of platelets, fibrin, and coagulation factors
|
DIC
|
|
|
lab findings in DIC?
|
increased PT, PTT, fibrin split products (D dimers); decreased platelet count
|
|
|
what is seen on blood smear in DIC?
|
helmet-shaped cells and schistocytes
|
|
|
antiplatelet antibodies, megakaryocytes?
|
ITP
|
|
|
schistocytes, increased LDH, neuro sx
|
TTP
|
|
|
microhemorrhage - mucous membrane bleeding, epistaxis, petechiae, purpura, increased bleeding time
|
platelet abnormalities - ITP, TTP, DIC, aplastic anemia, drugs (e.g. immunosuppressive agents)
|
|
|
factor VIII deficiency
|
hemophilia A
|
|
|
factor IX deficiency
|
hemophilia B
|
|
|
von Willebrand's disease
|
mild; most common bleeding disorder; deficiency of vWF - defect of platelet adhesion and decreased factor VIII survival
|
|
|
macrohemorrhage - hemarthroses (bleeding into joints), easy bruising, increased PT, PTT
|
coagulation factor deficiencies
|
|
|
Bernard-Soulier disease?
|
defect of platelet adhesion (decreased GP Ib) - prolonged bleeding time
|
|
|
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
|
defect of platelet aGgregation - decreased GP IIb-IIIa - prolonged bleeding time
|
|
|
decresed platelet count, increased bleeding time?
|
thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
lab findings in hemophilia A or B?
|
normal platelet count, bleeding time, PT, increased PTT
|
|
|
increased bleeding time and increased PTT
|
von Willebrand's disease
|
|
|
findings in DIC
|
decreased platelet count, increased bleeding time, PT, and PTT
|
|
|
PT measures what?
|
extrinsic pathway - factors, II, V, VII, X
|
|
|
PTT measures what?
|
intrinsic pathway
|
|
|
origin/markers of RS cells?
|
B cell origin - CD30+, CD15+
|
|
|
good prognosis in Hodgkins?
|
increased lymphocytes, decreased RS cells
|
|
|
50% of cases of Hodgkin's are associated with what?
|
EBV
|
|
|
what is non-Hodgkin's associated with?
|
HIV and immunosuppression
|
|
|
peak incidence of non-Hodgkin's?
|
20-40 years old
|
|
|
peak incidence of Hodgkin's?
|
bimodal distribution - young and old
|
|
|
most common type of Hodgkin's?
|
nodular sclerosing type
|
|
|
collagen banding, lacunar cells in Hodgkin's?
|
nodular sclerosing type - most common in young women
|
|
|
numerous RS cells are found in what type of Hodgkin's?
|
mixed cellularity (25% of cases)
|
|
|
Hodgkin's in older males with disseminated disease; poor prognosis?
|
lymphocyte depleted
|
|
|
cell type in SLL, follicular lymphoma (small cleaved cell)?
|
B cells
|
|
|
this is like CLL with focal mass, low grade
|
small lymphocytic lymphoma
|
|
|
most common in children; commonly presents with ALL and mediastinal mass; very aggressive T cell lymphoma
|
lymphoblastic lymphoma
|
|
|
cell type in diffuse large cell lymphoma? who does it affect
|
80% B cells; 20% T cells; usually older adults, but 20% occur in children
|
|
|
starry sky appearance - sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macrophages?
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
|
|
|
jaw lesion in endemic from in Africa; pelvis or abdomen in sporadic form
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
|
|
|
cell type in Burkitt's lymphoma?
|
B cells - most often affects kids
|
|
|
leukemia most responsive to therapy?
|
ALL
|
|
|
children, lymphoblasts; may spread to CNS and testes
|
ALL
|
|
|
auer rods, myeloblasts, adults
|
AML
|
|
|
leukemia affecting older adults; lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, few symptoms, indolent course?
|
CLL
|
|
|
findings on blood smear in CLL?
|
smudge cells
|
|
|
leukemia that can cause warm antibody AI hemolytic anemia?
|
CLL
|
|
|
leukemia that presents with increased neutrophils and metamelocytes, splenomegaly
|
CML
|
|
|
what is low in CML
|
leukocytic alkaline phosphatase
|
|
|
peroxidase-positive cytoplasmic inclusions in granulocytes adn myeloblasts
|
Auer rods
|
|
|
in which type of AML are Auer rods primarily seen?
|
acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
|
|
|
treatment of this leukemia can release Auer rods, causing DIC
|
AML M3
|
|
|
monoclonal plasma cell (fried egg appearance) cancer that arises in the marrow and produces large amounts of IgG (55%) or IgA (25%)
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
most common primary tumor arising from bone in adults
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
these are laminated, concentric, calcific spherules
|
psammoma bodies
|
|
|
where are psammoma bodies seen?
|
PSaMMoma: papillary (thyroid), serous (ovary), meningioma, mesothelioma
|
