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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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orthomyxoviruses
- type of virus, genome structure, capsid, enveloped? - names |
RNA
negative stranded, 8 linear segments helical capsid, enveloped ORthomyxoviruses --> ORdinary flu: influenza virus |
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influenza viruses
- class - structure - antigens - types and differences |
orthomyxoviruses
negative stranded RNA viruses with 8 segments. Enveloped. glycoproteins in outer membrane: Hemagglutinin- attaches to sialic acid receptors on host cells --> promotes viral entry Neuraminidase-1)cleaves neuraminic acid which is part of mucin barrier, exposing resp epithel cells; 2) after new virions bud out they are attached-this cleaves and releases them types A, B, C type B/C are in humans only type A is in humans, other mammals, birds --> therefore ONLY type A can undergo reassortment of genome --> pandemics |
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reassortment of viral genome v minor antigenic changes in HA/NA caused by random mutation
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reassortment- Genetic shift --> pandemic
minor changes due to random mutation --> antigenic drift --> epidemic Sudden Shift is more deadly than graDual Drift! |
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paramyxoviruses
- names - structure - similar to what? |
1. parainfluenza virus
2. respiratory syncytial virus 3. measles 4. rubella RNA, negative stranded, linear, helical, enveloped similar to orthomyxoviruses but not segmented! |
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paramyxoviruses
names think what? |
1. RSV
2. parainfluenza 3. Measles 4. Mumps overall think: 1. Lungs/resp 2. Kids 3. Viremia --> distant sites |
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Parainfluenza virus
- type of virus - diseases |
paramyxovirus
1. URI in adults 2. Pneumonia in children 3. Croup- stridor + seal-like barking cough (children)-caused by infection of larynx/trachea/bronchi |
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Respiratory syncytial virus
- type of virus - diseases caused |
paramyxovirus
diseases: (in infants!) 1. #1 cause pneumonia infants <6 mo 2. bronchiolitis in infants |
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Measles virus
- other name - symptoms |
Rubeola virus
1. prodrome- 3Cs- cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, fever 2. Koplik's spots - red with whitish center in mouth mucosa- appear ~2d before rash 3. Rash- spreads head --> toe |
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bad sequelae of measles
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spreads hematogenously anywhere --> can get GIANT CELL pneumonia (immunosupp), myocarditis, encephalitis, MENINGITIS
SSPE - Subacute Sclerosing PanEncephalitis - years later- slow CNS deterioration |
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Subacute Sclerosing PanEncephalitis (SSPE)
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years after measles - cNS deterioration
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Koplik spots
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red spots with whitish center on buccal mucosa --> Measles
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cough, coryza, conjunctivitis
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measles
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Mumps virus
- type of virus - symptoms - possible complication |
paramyxovirus
makes parotids/testicles as big as POM-poms 1. Parotitis 2. Orchitis 3. aseptic Meningitis/encephalitis rare complication- sterility (esp after puberty) |
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are hepatitis viruses RNA or DNA viruses?
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all are RNA except HBV is DNA
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HAV
- family? - what else is in this family? |
Picornavirus
PERCH Poliovirus Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus HAV |
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Picornaviruses
- names - structure - DNA or RNA? |
PERCH
Poliovirus Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus HAV RNA, positive stranded, icosahedral, NAKED |
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what is the typical presentation of hep A?
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actually usually asymptomatic! or at least undiagnosed
NO CARRIERS! |
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HBV
- family - what else is in family? - structure? - RNA or DNA? |
Hepadnavirus
only HBV is in family DNA, icosahedral, enveloped, double stranded circular DNA |
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incubation period for HBV v HAV?
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HBV long- ~3 months
HAV short ~ 3 weeks |
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HCV
- family - what else is in family? - structure? RNA or DNA? |
Flaviviruses
- HCV - Yellow fever - Dengue - St. Louis encephalitis - West Nile Virus RNA, positive stranded, icosahedral, enveloped |
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HCV treatment
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pegylated interferon alpha + ribavirin
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treatment of HBV
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interferon alpha OR nucleoside analog (ie, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir)
doesn't cure but ~30% seroconvert to anti-HBeAg --> lower infectivity |
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what % HBV v HCV --> chronic state
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HBV: 10%
HCV: 85% (of these, ~20% get cirrhosis) |
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HDV
- mech - diseases - prognosis - carriers? |
HDV is Defective, needs a Buddy- HBV
delta virus- has to use envelope from HBV (HBsAg) can coinfect with HBV or superinfect---superinfection has worst prognosis (5-15% progress to fulminant hepatitis or cirrhosis) |
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structure of HDV
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- helical
- enveloped (takes from HBV) |
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what do antibodies against HBSAg protect against?
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HBV AND HDV!!
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HEV
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high mortality rate in PREGNANT WOMEN
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hepatitis viruses transmitted fecal-oral route
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HAV
HEV- esp water borne epidemics (ie monsoon floods)- endemic to Asia, Africa, Central America; high mortality in pregnant women!!! |
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HEV
- type of virus? - structure? - what else is in this family? |
Hepevirus
Naked RNA virus; positive stranded, icosahedral |
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which hepatitis viruses are naked?
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the fecal-oral ones- HAV and HEV
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which hepatitis viruses have helical symmetry?
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HDV (the rest are icosahedral)
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which anti-HBV antibodies are protective?
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anti-HBsAb --> IMMUNITY
(anti-HBcAb are NOT PROTECTIVE but IgM-recent v IgG-chronic) |
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anti-HBe v HBe
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antibody means low infectivitiy
HBe means high infectivity |
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HIV structure (including the important proteins)
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2 ssRNA molecules surrounded by capsid (has p24 protein), which is surrounded by matrix (ie, p17), which is surrounded by envelop (has glycoproteins gp41 and gp120)
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major genes in HIV and proteins they encode
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gag --> nucleocapside proteins, capsid (p24), matrix proteins (p17)
env --> gp120, gp41 pol --> protease, integrase, reverse transcriptase |
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HIV glycoproteins and structure
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gp41 = stalk
gp120 = head |
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how HIV binds cells it infects
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glycoproteins bind CD4
binds CXCR4 & CD4 on T cells binds CCR5 & CD4 on macrophages (homozygous CCR5 mutation = IMMUNITY!!) heterozygous = slower course |
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HIV capsid protein
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p24
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AIDS definition
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CD4 <200
-or- AIDS defining illness -or- CD4/CD8 ratio < 1.5 |
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where does HIV replicate during latent phase?
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apparently in lymph nodes
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AIDS diseases in brain
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- cryptococcal meningitis
- toxo - CMV encephalopathy - HIV encephalitis (AIDS dementia complex) - PML (JC virus) |
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
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- demyelinating diseaes- progressive deterioration of white matter of brain
- caused by JC Virus - see in immunosuppressed patients |
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AIDS diseases in eyes
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CMV retinitis --> blindness
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AIDS diseases in mouth/throat
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- thrush
- HSV lesions - CMV esophagitis - oral hairy leukoplakia- on side of tongue (caused by EBV---distinguish from thrush bc cannot scrape off) |
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cause of oral hairy leukoplakia
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EBV
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what is Kaposi's sarcoma associated with?
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HHV-8 (esp MSM)
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toxo treatment/ppx
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ppx- bactrim
tx- pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine |
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CD4- associated problems if:
< 400 < 200 < 100 < 50 |
< 400: thrush, skin/foot infections, bacterial infections (esp encapsulated organisms), reactivation TB
<200: reactivation HSV, cryptosporidium/isospora diarrhea, coccoidiomycosis, PCP < 100: candida esophagitis, toxo, histo <50: CMV retinitis/esophagitis, MAI disseminated cryptococcal meningitis (can happen as early as 200 though!) |
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HIV-assoc cancer
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- Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8)
- cervical cancer (HPV) - B cell lymphoma (usually primary in CNS) - non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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HIV encephalitis
- cause - when it happens - how it gets into brain - path - other name |
"AIDS Dementia Complex"
late in course of HIV infection caused by VIRUS itself- gains CNS entry via MACROPHAGES! path- microglial nodules w/ multinucleated giant cells ......can also get peripheral neuropathy, spinal cord infection,etc. |
