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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the truncus arteriosus give rise to? |
ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk |
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what does the bulbus cordis give rise to? |
smooth parts of L and R ventricles (outflow tracts) |
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what does the endocardial cushion give rise to? |
atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum, AV valves, semilunar valves |
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what does the primitive atrium give rise to? |
trabeculated part of L and R atria |
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what does the primitive ventricle give rise to? |
trabeculated part of L and R ventricles |
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what does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to? |
smooth part of LA |
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what does the left horn of sinus venosus give rise to? |
coronary sinus |
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what does the right horn of sinus venosus give rise to? |
smooth part of RA (sinus venarum) |
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what do the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to? |
SVC |
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what is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos? |
the heart beats spontaneously by week 4 of development |
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what forms the atrial septum? |
fusion of septum secundum and what is left of septum primum (part of it formed the valve of foramen ovale and most of it disappeared as foramen secundum was formed) |
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how and when does foramen ovale close? what happens if it doesn't close? |
foramen ovale usually closes after birth because of increased LA pressure if doesnt close = patent foramen ovale, because of failure of septum primum and secundum to fuse; usu left untreated, at risk for paradoxical emboli |
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what 3 shunts exist in fetal circulation? |
- ductus venosus - foramen ovale - ductus arteriosus |
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role of ductus venosus in fetus? |
brings blood coming from umbilical vein to IVC, bypassing hepatic circulation |
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role of foramen ovale? what is its remnant called? |
allows most of blood (oxygenated) from IVC entering heart to bypass pulmonary circulation and go from RA directly to LA from where it is sent to head and body remnant is called fossa ovalis |
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role of ductus arteriosus? what stimulates its closure? what does it become once closed? |
shunt between pulmonary artery and descending aorta allows deoxygenated blood from SVC to pass thru RA --> RV --> main pulmonary artery --> descending aorta shunt is due to high fetal pulmonary artery resistance (partly due to low O2 tension) closure stimulated by increase in O2 from respiration and decrease in prostaglandins (from placental separation) remnant of ductus arteriosus = ligamentum arteriosum |
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what helps close ductus arteriosus? and what keeps it open? |
indomethacin (NSAID) helps close PDA PGs E1 and E2 help keep PDA open |
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what is the postnatal derivative of ductus venosus? |
ligamentum venosum |
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what is the postnatal derivative of the notochord? |
nucleus pulposus |
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what is the postnatal derivative of the umbilical vein? |
ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament) contained in falciform ligament |
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what are the postnatal derivatives of the umbilical arteries? |
the medial umbilical ligaments |
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what is the postnatal derivative of the allantois (and urachus)? |
the median umbilical ligament |
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what is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly? |
VSD, usu occurs in membranous septum |
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what conotruncal abnormalities are a/w failure of neural crest cells to migrate? |
transposition of great vessels tetralogy of Fallot persistent truncus arteriosus |
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what artery supplies the SAN and AVN? |
branches of the RCA |
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what artery supplies the RV? |
R marginal artery, which is a branch of the RCA |
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what does LAD artery supply? |
anterior 2/3 ofinterventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle and ant surface of LV |
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what does the L circumflex artery supply? |
lateral and posterior walls of LV and anterolateral papillary muscle |
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what does the posterior decsending / interventricular artery(PDA) supply? |
AVN, posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum, post 2/3 walls of ventricles and posteromedial papillary muscle |
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what is the posterior descending artery a branch of? |
- in R dominant circulations (85%), PDA branch of RCA - in L dominant circulations (8%), PDA branch of L circumflex artery (LCX) - in codominant circulation (7%), PDA arises from both LCX and RCA |
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when is coronary blood flow at its peak peak in heart cycle? |
in early diastole |
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what are the 3 layers of the pericardium? |
from outer to inner fibrous pericardium parietal layer of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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innervation of pericardium? |
phrenic nerve |
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pericarditis referred pain? |
to shoulder |
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how many cusps in tricuspid valve + names? |
3 cusps anterior, septal, posterior |
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how many cusps in mitral valve + names? |
2 cusps anterior and posterior |
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how many cusps in pulmonary valve + names? |
3 cusps Left, right, anterior |
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how many cusps in aortic valve + names? |
3 cusps right, left, posterior |
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role of papillary muscles? |
attached to chordae tendinae which are in turn attached to free edges of AV valve cusps contract during diastole to prevent prolapse of leaflets back into atria |
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how many papillary muscles are there? |
5 3 in RV which attach to tricuspid valve leaflets and 2 in LV attached to mitral valve |
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how is blood shunted from RA to LA in embryo? |
through the foramen ovale (of septum secundum) and the ostium secundum (of septum primum) |
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what are the three possible causes of ASD? |
(1) ostium secundum is too big and overlaps foramen ovale (2) absence of septum secundum (3) neither septum secundum nor septum primum develop |
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what structure grows to close the opening between the atrial chamber and the ventricular chamber and the two small openings? |
the superior and inferior endocardial cushions |
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what genetic abnormality is often a/w endocardial cushion defects? |
Trisomy 21 / Down syndrome |
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describe how the myocardium is remodeled to form the atrioventricular valves |
myocardium is going to erode --> ventricles enlarge as a result --> residual mesodermal tissue becomes fibrous and forms chordae tendinae then papillary muscles and AV valves are able to form |
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what are the aortic arches? |
interconnected arteries that come off the truncus arteriosus and supply the branchial arches |
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what does the 1st aortic arch form? |
forms part of the maxillary artery |
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what does the 2nd aortic arch form? |
the stapedial artery and the hyoid artery |
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what does the 3rd aortic arch form? |
common carotid artery and the proximal part of the internal carotid artery |
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what does the 4th aortic arch form? |
the left arch becomes the arch of adult aorta the right one becomes the proximal part of the R subclavian artery |
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what does the 6th aortic arch form? |
proximal part of the pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
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what does the 5th aortic arch form? |
it develops early on and degenerates, never develops into any adult structures |
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which fetal vessel has the highest oxygenation? |
1) umbilical vein 2) ductus venosus 3) IVC 4) RA |
