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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Important Genes in Embryogenesis
Sonic hedgehog gene |
Produced at the base of limb zone of polarizing activity.
Involved in patterning along the anterior-posterior axis |
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Important Genes in Embryogenesis
Wnt-7 gene |
Produced on the apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at the distal endo of each developing limb). Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
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Important Genes in Embryogenesis
FGF gene |
Produced at apical ectodermal ridge
Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm-->Lengthening limbs |
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Important Genes in Embryogenesis
Homeobox gene |
Involved in segmental organization
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Fetal Landmarks
Day 0 |
Fertilization by sperm forming zygote initiating embryogenesis
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Fetal Landmarks
Within Week 1 |
hCG secretion begins after implantation of blastocyst
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Fetal Landmarks
Within Week 2 |
Bilaminar disc formation (epiblast, hypoblast)
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Fetal Landmarks
Within Week 3 |
Gastrulation
Primitive streak, notochord and neural plate begin to form |
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Fetal Landmarks
Weeks 3-8 (Embryonic period) |
Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4.
Organogenesis Extremely susceptible to teratogens |
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Fetal Landmarks
Week 4 |
Heart begins to beat
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Fetal Landmarks
Week 8 (Fetal Period) |
Fetal movement fetus looks like a baby
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Fetal Landmarks
Week 10 |
Genitalia have male female characteristics
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Alar plate
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Dorsal
Sensory Same orientation as spinal chord |
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Basal plate
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Ventral
Motor Same orientation as spinal chord |
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Rules of early development
Rule of 2's for 2nd week |
2 germ layers (bilaminar disc) : epiblast, hypoblast
2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac 2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast |
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Rules of early development
Rule of 3's for 3rd week |
3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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Rules of early development
Rule of 4's for 4th week |
4 heart chambers
4 limb buds grow |
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Teratogens
ACE inhibitors |
Renal Damage
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Teratogens
Alcohol |
Leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation; fetal alcohol syndrome
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Teratogens
Alkylating Agents |
Absence of Digits
Multiple Anomalies |
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Teratogens
Aminoglycosides |
CN VIII toxicity
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Teratogens
Cocaine |
Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
Placental abruption |
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Teratogens
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) |
Vaginal clear cell carcinoma
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Teratogens
Folate antagonist |
Neural tube defect
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Teratogens
Iodide (Lack or excess) |
Congentital goiter or hypothyroidism
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Teratogens
Lithium |
Ebstein's anomaly (Atrialized right ventricle)
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Teratogens
Maternal diabetes |
Caudal Regression Syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia)
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Teratogens
Smoking (nicotine, CO) |
Preterm labor
Placental problems IUGR ADHD |
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Teratogens
Tetracyclines |
Discolored Teeth
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Teratogens
Thalidomide |
Limb Defects ( Flipper limbs)
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Teratogens
Valproate |
Inhibition of intestinal folate absorption
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Teratogens
Vitamin A excess |
Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion and birth defects ( cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)
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Teratogens
Warfarin |
Bone deformities
Fetal Hemorrhage Abortion |
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Teratogens
X-Rays Anticonvulsants |
Multiple anomalies
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Pre and postnatal developmental retardation
Microcephaly Holoproencephalopathy Facial abnormalities Limb dislocation Heart and lung fistulas |
