Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the three posttranscriptional modifications
|
1. 7-methyl guanine cap on 5' end
2. addition of the 3' poly-A tail 3. removal of introns |
|
what aa is the major carrier of N byproducts from most tissues in the body
|
glutamine
|
|
what two aa have a pKa of 4
|
aspartic acid and glutamic acid
|
|
how many acetyl CoAs per glucose enter into the TCA cycle
|
2 acetyl CoA per glucose
12 ATPs per acetyl Coa |
|
what topoisomerase makes ssDNA cuts, requires no ATP, relazes supercoils, and acts as the swivel in front of the replication fork
|
topoisomerase I (relaxase)
|
|
in prokaryotes , what is the name of the RNA sequence that ribosomes bind to so translation can occur
|
shine-Delgarno
|
|
name the pattern of genetic transmission; both M and F are affected; M-to-M transmission may be present; both parents must be carriers; the trait skips generations; two mutant alleles are needed for disease; and affected children may be born of unaffected adults
|
autosomal recessive
|
|
what factors are needed for translation of prokaryotes
|
elongation factor G and GTP
|
|
what three aa must patients w/ maple syrup urine disease not eat
|
isoleucine
leucine valine (I Love Vermont maple syrup) dec alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase |
|
how many high energy bonds are used to activate an aa
|
2 ATPs via the amino-acyl tRNA synthase enzyme
|
|
what water-soluble vitamin deficiency results in pellagra
|
niacin (B3)
|
|
what glycolytic enzyme has a high Vmax, high Km, and low affinity for glucose
|
glucokinase
|
|
how many ATPs are generated per acetylCoA
|
12
|
|
what cytoplasmic pathway produces NADPH and is a source of ribose-5-phosphate
|
HMP shunt
|
|
what is the main inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
AcCoA (pyruvate to AcCoA)
|
|
where on the codon and anticodon does the wobble hypothesis take place
|
3' end of the codon (3rd position) on mRNA and 5' end on anticodon (first position) on tRNA
|
|
what DNA excision and repair enzyme is deficient in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum
|
excision endonuclease- removes thiamine dimers
|
|
what form of bilirubin is carried on albumin
|
unconjugated (indirect)
|
|
what are the
two ketogenic AAs |
leucine and lycine
|
|
which organisms have polycistronic mRNA
|
prokaryotes
|
|
as what compound do the carbons for fatty acid synthesis leave the mito
|
citrate via the citrate shuttle
|
|
what four substances inc the rate of gluconeogenesis
|
1. glucagon
2. NADH 3. AcCoA 4. ATP |
|
with what three enzymes is TPP assoc
|
1. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
2. pyruvate dehydrogenase 3. transketolase |
|
what test uses very small amounts of DNA that can be amplified and analyzed without the use of southern blottin gor cloning
|
PCR
|
|
what apoprotein is required for the release of chylomicrons from the epithelial cells into the lymphatics
|
apo-B-48
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the covalent bonding of the aa's carboxyl grouop to the 3' end of tRNA
|
aminoacyle-tRNA synthetase uses 2 ATPs
|
|
what must be supplemented in patients with medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency
|
short chain fatty acids
|
|
what form of aa is found only in collagen
|
hydroxyproline
|
|
in a diabetic patient, to what does aldose reductase convert glucose
|
sorbitol (-> cataracts)
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol metabolism
|
HMG-CoA-reductase
|
|
what is the term for the pH at which the structure carries no charge
|
pI
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis
|
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
|
|
what is the dug of choice in treating a patient with hyperuricemia due to underexcretion of uric acid
|
probenecid, a uricosuric agent
|
|
what enzyme deficiency results in darkening of the urine when exposed to air
|
homogentisate oxidase deficiency is seen in patients w/ alcaptonuria
|
|
in eukaryotes, what transcription factor binds to the tATA box before RNA pol II can bind
|
transcription factor IID
|
|
what enzyme produces an RNA primer inthe 5'-3' direction and is essential to DNA replication because DNA polymerase are unable to synthesize DNA without an RNA primer
|
primase
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis
|
AcCoA carboxylase
|
|
name the eukaryotic DNA polymerase based on the following info
1. replicates mito DNA 2. synthesizes lagging strand 3. synthesizes leading strand |
1. dna pol-gamma
2. dna pol-alpha 2. dna pol-delta |
|
what is the order of fuel use in a prolonged fast
|
glucose from liver glycogen
glucose from gluconeogenesis body protein body fat |
|
which way will the O2 dissociation curve shift with the addtion of 2.3BPG to adult Hb
|
right
|
|
what enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis is inhibited by the following
1. 5-FU 2. methotrexate 3. hydroxyurea |
1. thymidylate synthase
2. dihydrofolate reductase 3. ribonucleotide reductase |
|
what is found in the R group if the aa is acidic?
basic? |
if a carboxyl group is the R group- acidic
if an amino group is the R group- basic |
|
what gluconeogenic mitochondrial enzyme rquires biotin
|
pyruvate carboxylase
|
|
what factors are needed fro translocation in eukaryotes
|
ef-2 and GTP
|
|
DNA replication occurs during what phase of the cell cycle
|
S phase
|
|
what is the end product of purine catabolism
|
uric acid
|
|
what causes transcription to stop in eukaryotes
|
the termination sequence on the DNA
stop codons stop translation |
|
what enzyme of the TCA cycle catalyzes ...
1. FADH2 2. GTP 3. NADH |
1. succinate dehydrogenase
2. succinyl CoA synthetase 3. isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase |
|
what form of alcohol causes blindness
|
methanol (wood alcohol)
|
|
how many base pairs upstream is the TATA box promoter
|
-10
there is another promoter -35 |
|
what are the two essential fatty acids
|
linoleic and linolenic acid
|
|
during a prolonged fast, why is the brain unable to use FAs
|
FAs can't cross the bbb, therefore they can't be used as an energy source
|
|
what type of jaundice is seen in Rotor's syndrome
|
conjugated (direct)
|
|
if a sample of DNA has 30% T, what is the percent of C
|
20%
(chargaff's rule) |
|
from where is the energy for gluconeogenesis derived
|
beta-oxidation of FAs
|
|
name the type of mutation
1. deletion or addition of a base 2. new codon specifies a different aa 3. unequal crossover in meiosis w/ loss of protein function 4. new codon specifies for the same aa 5. new codon specifies for a stop codon |
1. frameshift
2. missense 3. large segment deletion 4. silent 5. nonsense |
|
what form of bilirubin can cross the bbb
|
unconjugated free bili
|
|
what aa is brokin down into N2O causing an inc in cGMP of sm mm, hence vasodilation
|
arginine
|
|
what is needed to produce a double bond in a fatty acid chain in the ER
|
NADPH, O2, cythochrome b5
|
|
what are the vitamin K dependent coagulation factors
|
II
VII IX X protein C and S |
|
is the hydroxyl (-OH) end of DNA and RNA at the 3' or 5' end
|
3'
|
|
how many codons code for aa?
how many for termination of translation? |
61
3 (UGA, UAA, UAG) (you go away, you are away, you are gone) |
|
what is the enzyme for the oxidative reaction in glycolysis
|
glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase
|
|
what substrate builds upin Tay-Sachs disease
|
Gm2 ganglioside
|
|
what pattern of genetic transmission is characterized by no transmission from M, maternal inheritance, and the potential for the disease to affect both sons and daughters of affected F
|
mito
|
|
what is the rate limiting step of glycogen synthesis
|
glycogen synthase
|
|
what sphingolipid is formed by the union of serine and palmitoyl CoA
|
sphingosine
|
|
what causes an inc in bone mineralization and Ca along with PO4 absorption from the GI tract andkidney tubules
|
vitamin D
|
|
what two sugars can be used to produce cerebrosides
|
glucose and galactose
|
|
what group of eukaryotic regulatory proteins has a major factor in controlling the gene expression embryonically
|
homeodomain proteins
|
|
what causes the lysis of RBCs by oxidizing agents in G-6-PD deficiency
|
lack of glutathione peroxidase activity -> dec in NADPH -> leaves glutathione reduced
|
|
all aa's have titration plateaus at what pH values
|
2 and 9
|
|
what cytoplasmic organelle carries the enzymes for elongation and desaturation of fatty acyl CoA
|
SER
|
|
what is the binding site for RNA pol
|
the promoter indicates where transcription will begin
|
|
what vitamin is necessary for epithelial health
|
A
|
|
what lipoprotein is formed if an IDL particle acquires cholesterol from a HDL particle
|
LDL
|
|
what structure or a protein describes the interaction among subunits
|
quaternary
|
|
what is the only factor of enzyme kinetics that the enzyme affects
|
Ea (activation energy)
|
|
is the lac operon activated or inactivated in the presence of both glucose and lactose
|
inactivated
glucose results in dec cAMP and therefore blocks protein binding between cAMP and CAP |
|
at the end of each round of beta-oxidation, what is released
|
AcCoA
FADH NADH |
|
what is the rate limiting step of glycolysis
|
PFK1 and costs 1 ATP
|
|
what enzyme of heme synthesis is deficient in autosomal dominant disorder acute intermittent porphyria
|
uroporphyrinogen-I synthase
|
|
what enzyme is blocked by disulfiram
|
aldehyde dehydrogenase
|
|
deficiencies in what enzyme result in insoluble glycogen synthesis formation
|
alpha-1,6-transferase
|
|
what eukaryotic translation enzyme is associated w/...
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination |
1. eIF-2 in the P-site
2. eEF-1 3. no enzymes are needed |
|
what aa undergoes N-glycosylation
|
asparagine
|
|
what enzyme, induced by insulin and activated by apo C-II, is req for chylomicron and VLDL metabolism
|
Lipoprotein lipase
|
|
what is the most common genetic deficiency resulting in hemolytic anemia
|
G-6-PD deficiency,
2nd is pyruvate kinase def |
|
are the following condtions assoc w/ neg or pos N balance
1. aa def 2. growth 3. preg 4. uncontrolled DM 5. starvation 6. infection 7. recovery from injury 8. kwashiorkor |
1. neg
2. pos 3. pos 4. neg 5. neg 6. neg 7. pos 8. neg |
|
why is the liver unable to metabolize ketone bodies
|
hepatocytes lack the enzyme succinyl CoA acetoacetyl CoA transferase (thiophorase)
|
|
what enzyme, induced by insulin and activated by apo C-II is required for chylomicron an dVLDL metabolism
|
lipoprotein lipase
|
|
what is the MC genetic deficiency resulting in hemolytic anemia
|
G-6-PD def
pyruvate kinase is 2nd |
|
are the following conditions associated with a negative or pos N balance
1. aa def 2. growth 3. preg 4. uncontrolled DM 5. starv 6. infec 7. recovery from injury 8. kwashiorkor |
1. neg
2. pos 3. pos 4. neg 5. neg 6. neg 7. pos 8. neg |
|
why is the liver unable to metabolize ketone bodies
|
hepatocytes lack the succinyl CoA acetoacetyl CoA transferase (thiophorase)
|
|
what toxin ADP-ribosylates via Gs protein to inc cAMP
|
cholera toxin
|
|
what two viatmins are inactivated when they come in contact with acetaldehyde
|
thiamine and folate
|
|
name the end product of FA synthesis?
FA oxidation |
palmitate
AcCoA and propionyl Coa (odd chain FAs) |
|
what is the term for production of a DNA copy from an RNA molecule
|
reverse transcription
|
|
what mineral is req for cross-lining of collagen molecules into fibrils
|
lysyl oxidase requires Cu and O2
|
|
how many high energy bonds does the cycle of elongation cost
|
4
2 from ATP in aa activation 2 from GTP |
|
what enzyme of purine synthesis is inhibited by allopurinol and 6-mercaptopurine
|
PRPP aminotransferase
|
|
t or f
the urea cycle takes place in both the cytoplasm and the mito |
t
carbamoyl phosphate synthtesase and ornithine transcarbamoylase are mito enzymes |
|
what is the only FA that is gluconeogenic
|
propionic acid
|
|
what enzyme has 5' to 3' synth of okazaki fragments
3' exonuclease activity 5' exonuclease activity |
dna pol I
|
|
in what organelle does the TCA cycle occur
|
mito
|
|
what enzyme is deficient in selective T cell immunodeficiency
|
purine nucleoside phosphorylase
|
|
t or f
adipose tissue lacks glycerol kinase |
t
adipose depends on glucose uptake for dihydroxyacetone phophate (DHAP) production for TG synthesis |
|
in what form is excess folate stored in the body
|
N-5-methyl THF
|
|
what is the term for taking an mRNA molecule and arranging the aa sequence forming a protein
|
translation
|
|
what enzyme is blocked by hydroxyurea
|
ribonucleotide reductase
|
|
what protein carries free fatty acids to the liver
|
albumin
|
|
what substrate is built up in Neimann-Pick
|
sphingomyelin
|
|
t or f
methylation of bacterial DNA prevents restriction endonuclease from cutting its own chromsomes |
true
|
|
what two aa's have a pka of 10
|
lysine and tyrosine
|
|
what is the only enzyme in the body that uses N-5-methyl folate
|
homocysteine methyl transferase
|
|
how can you differentiate vitamin K from vitamin C deficiency
|
K- nl bleeding time, inc PT
C- inc bleeding time, nl PT |
|
what is the term for a unit of DNA that encodes a particular protein or RNA molecule
|
a gene
|
|
is the coding or the template strand of DNA identical to mRNA (excluding the T/U diff)
|
coding strand
the template strand is complementary and antiparallel) |
|
what enzyme is deficient in acute intermittent porphyria
|
uroporphyringoen I synthetase
|
|
what five cofactors and coenzymes are required by pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
1. B1: thyamine -> TTP
2. B2: riboflavin -> FADH2 3. B3: niacin -> NAD(H) 4. B5: pantothenate -> CoA 5. lipoic acid |