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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HbF binding to oxygen compared to HbA...
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Left shift, similar to HbA without 2,3-BPG
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Kayser-Fleisher Rings are located...
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Cu deposition in the cornea (Descemet's membrane)
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Superoxide in respiratory burst is formed by...
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NADPH oxidase
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Superoxide is broken down by...
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Superoxide dismutase
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Histopathology in dysplastic nevus...
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Nests of nevomelanocytes with angulated hyperchromatic nuclei and bridging with nests in neighboring rete pegs
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Defect in dysplastic nevus syndrome...
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mutation in p16 causes its inability to regulated CDK4 (which normally controls the G1-S checkpoint)
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Cerebellum is a derivative of the...
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Rhombencephalon
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alpha-helical structure with leucine at every 7th position...
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Leucine zipper dimerization domain; dimerization allows tertiary structure to bind DNA, acting as a transcription factor
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II catalyzes what reaction for what process...
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Formation of carbamoyl phosphate in the cytosol from CO2 and glutamine for use in de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I catalyzes what reaction for what process...
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Formation of carbamoyl phosphate in the mitochondria from CO2 and NH4 for use in the Urea cycle
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Cardiomyopathy associated with alcoholism...
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Dilated cardiomyopathy
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Biopsy findings in anti-GBM disease...
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Renal biopsy show RPGN, linear IgG deposits in the GBM; solid, thick, ribbon-like deposits on IF with crescent formation
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Esophagus passes through the diaphragm at what vertebral level...
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T10
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Anterior and posterior vagal trunks pass through the diaphragm at what vertebral level...
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T10 (with the esophagus)
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The descending aorta penetrates the diaphragm at what vertebral level...
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T12
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Thoracic duct penetrates the diaphragm at what vertebral level...
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T12 (with the aorta)
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Inferior vena cava penetrates the diaphragm at what vertebral level...
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T8
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Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers lower systemic BP by what mechanism...
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Blockade of Ca channels predominately on arterioles causing vasodilation
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Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers...
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Nifedipine, felodipine, amlodipie
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Defect in Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young...
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Glucokinase defect, resulting in an abnormally high set point for insulin release
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Defect in von Gierke's disease...
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Glycogen storage disease type I; defect in glucose-6-phosphatase leading to an inability to release glucose from cells during gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis
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Administration of fructose or galactose in patients with von Gierke's disease will cause...
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Lactic acidosis
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Symptoms of von Gierke's disease...
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Severe fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricmia, hyperlipidemia; hepatomegaly and renomegaly
Manage with frquent oral glucose |
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Defect in Pompe's disease...
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deficiency in alpha-1,4-glucosidase (lysosomal enzyme)
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Symptom of Pompe's disease...
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Presents with hypotonia, macroglossia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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Muscle biopsy in Pompe's disease...
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Abundant PAS-positive granules
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Most common cause of pediatric osteomyelitis in general public? In sickle cell patients?
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S. aureus in general public, Salmonell in sickle cell
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Most common location of pediatric osteomyelitis...
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Metaphysis of long bones (highly vascularized, hematogenous dissemination)
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Quadriparesis, pinpoint pupils, loss of horizontal gaze, decerebrate posturing...
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Pontine hemorrhage
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Increased ICP in intracranial neoplasms is due to...
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Disruption of CSF outflow OR Vasogenic edema
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Site of action of Amphotericin B...
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Fungal cell membrane (inside cell wall) by binding ergosterol
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Kaposi's Sarcoma is associated with what infection...
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HHV-8
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Hypercalcemia with lung malignancy is due to...
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Increased PTHrP release
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What type of receptor is blocked by abciximab?
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - an integrin receptor, primary binding site of fibrinogen to platelets
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Marker used to monitor for recurrence of Colon cancer...
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CEA (not specific - also found in pancreatic, gastric and breast malignancy)
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Case control study design...
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Pts with and without diseae of interest, all of whom have been exposed to risk factor of interest; controls are pts with and without exposure to risk factor; evaluate rate of exposure in the cases against rate of exposure in controls
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Lung compliance change in CHF...
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Transudate formation causes decreased lung compliance
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Immunity to influenza infection is mediated by...
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Circulating Ab to hemagglutinin
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Type I RPGN...
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Anti-GBM disease; Goodpasture's Syndrome
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Type 2 RPGN...
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Immune complex mediated - poststreptococcal glomerulnephritis, SLE, IGA nephropathy
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IF findings in Type 2 RPGN...
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"Lumpy bumpy" granular staining on IF
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Type 3 RPGN...
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"Pauci-immune" - no Ig or complement deposits; usually ANCA disease (e.g. Wegener's granulomatosis)
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Intracellular MOA of nitrates...
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Stimulate NO formation at the vascular smooth muscle cell membrane; NO - guanylate cyclase - increased cGMP - decreased intracellular Ca - decreased myosin LC phosphorylation
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Findings in CAH due to 11-hydroxylase deficiency...
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Failure to synthesize cortisol or aldosteron; increased ACTH causes increased androgen formation - ambiguous genitalia in females
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Mechanism of digoxin-induced bradycardia...
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Increased parasympathetic tone at the Vagus
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Retinitis pigmentosa is associated with...
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Thioridazine
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MOA of pioglitazone...
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PPAR-gamma activation decreases insulin resistance
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Histology of the mainstem bronchi...
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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Histology of the terminal bronchioles...
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Simple cuboidal epithelium with cilia
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Goblet cells are present in which airway generations...
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Stop just before the bronchioles begin (present down to the smallest bronchi)
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Sumbucosal glands, and serous glands in airways are present...
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Ending with the smallest bronchi (follow cartilagenous plates)
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Most common viral cause of acite hemorrhagic cystitis...
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Adenovirus serotypes 11 and 12 of subgroup B
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Finding in chronic renal transplantation...
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Obliterative vascular fibrosis
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Deficiency of isotype switching causes production of...
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IgM only
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Order of isotypes on the genome...
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IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
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Acute Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics...
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Wernicke Encephalopathy; induced by correction of hypoglycemia without correction of thiamine
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Symptoms of Wernicke Encephalopathy...
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Ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, anterograde amnesia
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Chronic thiamine deficiency in alcoholics...
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Korsakoff psychosis
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Symptoms of Korsakoff psychosis...
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Anterograde and retrograde amnesia, apathy, lack of insight, confusion
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Site of necrosis in thiamine deficiency...
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Mammilary body
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Hibernating myocardium...
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repetitive ischemic injury or persistent hypoperfusion of the myocardium results in chronic loss of contractile function; reversed by revascularization
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Function of hepicidin...
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Released by the liver in states of iron excess; causes internalization of ferroportin on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes leading to decreased iron release into the blood
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Ferroportin function...
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Iron transporter on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes
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Location and transporter for absorption of iron...
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Proximal small intestine, Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT-1)
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Effect of HCTZ on calcium...
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Decreases calcium excreted in the urine by blockade of Na/Cl leading to increased urine Na which causes expulsion of Ca from urine
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During muscle contraction, Calcium binds to... causing...
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Troponin C causing tropomyosin to move off of actin; Myosin is then exposed to the binding site on Actin, and power stroke ensues
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Immune cell with a major contribution to emphysema...
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Neutrophils (elastase release)
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Location in the genome of Enhancers/Repressors...
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May be located anywhere on the genome
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Location of promotor region on the genome...
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Usually located 25 - 70 bp upstream
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Rubella vaccine is...
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A live attenuated virus
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Defect in Hartnup disease...
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Defective intestinal and renal absorption of tryptophan and other neutral amino acids
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Tryptophan is an essential AA required for...
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Niacin synthesis (vitamin B3)
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Symptoms of Hartnup disease...
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Photosensitivity, pellagra, ataxia
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Fanconi Syndrome...
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Generalized aminoaciduria
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Treatment of drug-induced parkinsonism...
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Benzotropine or other central antimuscarinic
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Defect in Friedrich's Ataxia...
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AR mutation on chromosome 9 coding for frataxin - increased trinucleotid repeats
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Symptoms of Friedrich's Ataxia...
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Degeneration of the spinocerebellar tract, resulting in gait ataxia, kyphoscoliosis, foot abnormalities, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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MOA of dobutamine in CHF...
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beta-AR agonist; used for positive inotropy, positive chronotropy, increased cardiac conduction velocity
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Inferior MI may be associated with what symptom...
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Bradycardia - RCA also perfuses the SA node
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Drug treatment of bradycardia following Inferior MI...
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Atropine
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Diagnosis of cholecystitis after equivocal US...
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Radionucleotide visualization scan; failure to visualize diagnoses
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Metabolism of Benz(o)pyrene to a carcinogen is accomplished by...
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Microsomal monooxygenase
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MOA of Ethosuxamide...
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blockade of T-type Calcium channels in the Thalamus
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Mean +/- 1 SD =
Mean +/- 2 SD = Mean +/- 3 SD = |
68%
95% 99.7% |
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Definition of achalasia...
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Normal upper esophageal contractions, reduced middle esophageal contractions and failure of the LES to relax during swallowing
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Metabolic derangement in heroin OD...
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Acute respiratory acidosis
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Serum level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase is most reflective of what cell activity...
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Osteoblasts
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Deficiency in hemophilia A...
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Factor VIII
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Deficiency in hemophilia B...
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Factor IX
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Prolonged bleeding after dental extraction, hemarthroses...
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hemophilia (X-linked recessive - male inheritance)
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Schizoaffective Disorder diagnosis...
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Psychosis with mood symptoms; must have psychosis in the absence of mood symptoms (otherwise diagnosis is mania with psychosis)
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