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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metaclopramide is CI in...
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Parkinson's Disease - may cause de novo or exacerbate parkinsonism
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Metaclopramide MOA and uses...
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D2 antagonist and mixed 5-HT3/4 agonist; used as an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic
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Adult pt presents with arthritis and brown pigment in ear cartilage and hands; high urinary homogentisic acid...
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Alkaptonuria; relatively benign in childhood; arthritis and brown discoloration of skin and cartilage in adulthood
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Major virulence factor in N. gonorrhea...
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Pilus formation
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Treatment of CMV retinitis...
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Ganciclovir
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General defect in an infant who is hypglycemic, ketosis, metabolic acidosis and growth delays...
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Glycogenesis defect
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Early adult presents with easy fatigability and muscle pain with exercise...
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McArdle's Diseae - glycogen storage defect type V; defect is in skeletal muscle and liver glycogen storage is normal - no hypoglycemia
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ECG findings in hyperkalemia...
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"Peaked" T-waves, loss of p wave, PR and QRS elongation, bradycardia
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ECG findings in hypokalemia...
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QT prolongation, U-waves, ST depression
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Upward gaze palsy, absent pupillary light reflex, failure of convergence, wide-based gait...
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Parinaud Syndrome, usually caused by a pinealoma
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Where do GI stem cells reside?
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Crypts or Lieberkuhn
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CAAT is the consensus sequence for...
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Transcription promoter binding
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Histopathology in Liver cirrhosis...
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Diffuse parenchymal injury and fibrosis; reenerative spherules with bridging fibrous septae; nodules are composed primarily of regenerating hepatocytes
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Most common cause of female factor infertility...
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Previous PID
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MOA of Erythromycin...
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Binds to 23S rRNA of 50S subunit and prevents protein synthesis
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Drugs that bind to 23S...
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Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) and Clindamycin
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Lactose intolerance is due to...
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Decreased lactase gene expression with age
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Increased (inappropriate) sexual activity, hyperphagia, visual agnosia and aphasia. Syndrome, defect and cause?
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome; defect is in amygdala; bilateral temporal lobectomy or HSV-1 encephalitis
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Enzyme that catalyzes release of urea from urea cycle...
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Arginase catalyzes L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea
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MOA of cyclosporin...
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Intracellularly binds to cyclophilin and inhibits calcineurin to decrease cytokine transcription (including IL-2)
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Amino acid required for dopamine synthesis...
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Phenylalanine
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Phenylalanine hydroxylase defect...
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Failure of conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine required for dopamine synthesis; treat by giving tyrosine
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Dopamine hydroxylase deficiency...
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Normal dopamine levels, decreased NE and Epinephrine levels; causes postural hypotension, ptosis, nasal congestion and ejaculatory difficylties
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PFT abnormalities in COPD...
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Decreased FEV1
Decreased FEV1/FVC Increased TLC Increased RV Increased FRC |
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Contact inhibition...
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normal cells cultured will grow in a single layer until they contact each other, and then stop; lost in malignancy
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Improper use of crutches can lead to damage of what nerve? What defect?
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Radial nerve damage; weakness or paralysis of arm, hand and digit extension, +/- sensory loss on posterior arm, forearm and dorsolateral hand
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Patient presents with painful pharyngeal constrictions...
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Rabies
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Classic finding in rabies...
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Negri bodies; eosinophilic round inclusions in hippocampal neurons
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Systemic treatment of psoriasis after topical treatment has failed...
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Acitretin - synthetic retinoid; bind to nuclear retinoic acid receptors
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How does insulin accomplish increased glycolysis in hepatocytes?
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increases PFK-2 dependant conversion of F-6-P to F-2,6-P; the later increases activity of PFK-1 which increases the rate of glycolysis
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What are the nonpolar amino acids?
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Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine and proline
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Child presents with fever, malaise, HA and inflamation of the parotid gland. What other SE might occur?
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Dx: mumps; can cause orchitis which may lead to seminiferous tubule atrophy (infertility) and leydig cell atrophy (decreased testosterone)
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What accounts for difference in rise in insulin between oral and IV glucose loads?
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GI secretion of incretins after oral glucose load increase insulin secretion
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ACE-inhibitor Fetopathy causes...
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Fetal renal atrophy, hypoperfusion and ischemia leading to anuria; anuria causes oligohydramnios that can effect lung maturation, limb development and growth retardation
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Gram stain of urethral exudate shows numerous neutrophils with no intracellular organisms...
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Chalmydia trachomatis
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Treatment of Chlamydia infection...
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Single high dose of Azithromycin
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Defect in Xeroderma pigmentosum...
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AR defect in UV-specific endonuclease that corrects pyramidine dimers secondary to UV exposure.
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Cancers associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum...
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Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma
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Most common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults...
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Follicular lymphoma
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Translocation associated with Follicular Lymphoma...
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t(14;18)
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Defect in Follicular lymphoma...
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bcl-2 overexpression due to t(14;18) leading to inhibition of apoptosis
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Pt presents with lymphadenopathy. Biopsy shows closely packed follicles with small cleaved cells without nucleoli...
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Follicular Lymphoma; may have larger non-cleaved cells with multiple nucleoli
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Classic triad of neurofibromatosis type 1...
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1. Multiple Neurofibromas (neoplasms of Schwann cells, fibroblasts and neurites)
2. Multiple pigmented lesions (cafe-au-lait, axillary freckling) 3. Pigmented iris hamartoma (Lisch nodule) |
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Defect in neurofibromatosis type 1...
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AD defect in NF-1 gene, chromosome 17q11
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Major SE of niacin...
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Cutaneous flushing
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Prevention of cutaneous flushing with niacin...
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Pre-treatment with aspirin
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Major SE of amitryptiline...
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Anticholinergic effects (hyperthermia, mydriasis, flushing,drymouth, urinary retenton, tachycardia)
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Pt presents with elevated ammonium and increased urinary levels of orotic acid. Defects is...
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Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamoylase (most common urea cycle defect)
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Most common types of pathologic fractures in osteoporosis...
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Vertebral crush fractures and hip fractures
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CAH due to 17-a-hydroxylase deficiency causes...
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decreased cortisol, decreased sex steroids; causes increased ACTH and LH. Increased ACTH stimulates the only available adrenal pathway - mineralocorticoid excess; decreased renin, hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis; XX: lacks secondary sex characteristics; XY: pseudohermaphroditism
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CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency...
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Failure to form mineralocorticoids and corticoids; hyportension, hyperkalemia, increased renin activity; masculinization/female pseudohermaphroditism
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CAH due to 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency...
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Failure to form aldosterone from 11-deoxycorticosterone, and failure to form cortisol; hypertension due to increased 11-deoxycorticosterone (a mineralocorticoid); masculinization
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First step of heme synthesis utilizes...
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Glycine and succinyl CoA
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Early symptoms of hyopkalemia...
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Fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, myalgias
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If total minute ventilation is unchanged, and alveolar ventilation has decreased, what has changed...
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Dead space must have increased, since total minute ventilation is alveolar ventilation plus dead space
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What kind of mutations cause microsatellite instability?
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DNA mismatch repair enzyme defects
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Immunosuppressed pt presents with vague abdominal pain developing to more localized pain. Colonoscopy shows mucosal erythema, erosions, ulcerations,hemorrhagic lesions...
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CMV colitis, seen almost exclusively in immunosuppressed pts
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Protein that mediates HIV binding...
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gp-41
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Drug that blocks gp-41 mediated HIV cell binding...
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Enfuvirtide
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Drugs that act as viral protease inhibitors...
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Ritonavir, Indinavir
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Function of HIV protease...
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Cleaves gag and pol gene into functional subunits
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Cerebellar hemangioblastomas, cysts in kidneys and pancreas, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma...
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von-Hippel-Lindau disease; AD mutation in VHL gene
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